AP HUGE UNIT 3

Culture

A shared system of beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors that characterizes a group or society.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape, shaped by cultural practices and beliefs.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from one place to another.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of cultural elements through the physical movement of people.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits in a way that the number of people adopting it grows.

Hierarchical Diffusion

A type of expansion diffusion where cultural traits spread from important figures or centers of power.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying idea, even if a specific trait fails to spread.

Acculturation

The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

Assimilation

When a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture.

Cultural Convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures.

Cultural Divergence

The restriction of a culture from outside influences to maintain cultural identity.

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

Cultural Relativism

Recognizing that beliefs and practices should be understood within their own cultural context.

Language Family

A group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language.

Dialect

A regional variation of a language with distinct vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that seeks to be global and appeals to people of all cultures and locations.

Ethnic Religion

A religion associated with a specific ethnic group that does not actively seek converts.

Syncretism

The blending of elements from different religions or cultures.

Secularism

The principle of separating religion from civic affairs and government.

Taboo

A social or religious custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice.

Popular Culture

Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite, often spread through media.

Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation.

Cultural Appropriation

The adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without permission.

Multiculturalism

A perspective that endorses the equal respect and celebration of diverse cultural backgrounds.

Artifact

A physical object made by humans that reflects cultural values or practices.

Mentifact

An element of culture that represents the ideas and values of a society, like language or religion.

Sociofact

Structures and organizations that influence social behavior within a culture.

Sequent Occupance

The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, creating a layered landscape.

Creolization

The blending of two or more languages or cultures into a new form, particularly seen in language.

Pidgin Language

A simplified language that develops to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages.

Lingua Franca

A common language used for communication between people who speak different native languages.

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions based on linguistic differences.

Toponym

The name given to a place on Earth, reflecting its culture and history.

Ethnic Neighborhood

An area within a city that is predominantly inhabited by a specific ethnic group.

Cultural Hearth

The origin area where a cultural trait, idea, or civilization began and spread from.

Assimilation Policy

Government programs aimed at integrating minority groups into a dominant culture.

Neolocalism

The movement to embrace local culture and resist globalization and homogenization.

Cultural Imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another, often through economic or political influence.

Placelessness

A lack of unique cultural characteristics in a place due to globalization.

Glocalization

The adaptation of global products and ideas to fit local cultures and preferences.

Cultural Homogenization

The process by which cultures become more alike due to global influences.

Ethnic Cleansing

The systematic removal or extermination of an ethnic group from a region.

Indigenous Culture

The traditions and lifestyle of native populations who have a long history in a specific area.

Nonmaterial Culture

The intangible aspects of culture, such as beliefs, customs, and values.

Material Culture

Physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

Diaspora

The dispersion of people from their homeland, often retaining cultural identity in new locations.

Revival Language

A language that was near extinction but is being brought back by efforts to promote and teach it.