Chapter 2: Properties Of Materials
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44 Terms
What happens to the mass of atoms as you move from left to right and down the periodic table?
It increases
What does the atomic number tell you?
The number of protons
What does the mass number tell you?
The total number of protons and neutrons
What charge do protons have?
Positive (+)
What charge do electrons have?
Negative (−)
What charge do neutrons have?
No charge (neutral)
Why do atoms have no overall charge?
Because they have the same number of protons and electrons
What is the atomic number of lithium?
3
What is the mass number of lithium?
7
How many protons does lithium have?
3
How many electrons does lithium have?
3
How many neutrons does lithium have?
4
What is meant by electronic structure?
Arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
2
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
8
What holds electrons in place in atoms?
Electrostatic forces
Which group are the alkali metals in?
Group 1
What happens to atomic number and mass as you go down Group 1?
They increase
What happens to the size of atoms as you go down Group 1?
It increases
Name three halogens.
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine
What state are fluorine and chlorine at room temperature?
Gases
What state is bromine at room temperature?
Liquid
Which halogen is the most reactive?
Fluorine
Which halogen is the least reactive?
Bromine
Which group do the noble gases belong to?
Elements in Group 8
Do noble gases form compounds?
No, they are inert
Which shell has the highest energy in an atom?
Highest energy level shell
Why do elements react with each other?
To have a full outer shell and become stable
What holds elements together in a compound?
Chemical bonds
What are ions?
Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a charge.
When do ionic compounds form?
When a metal reacts with a non-metal
How do non-metals form compounds with each other?
By sharing electrons
What are covalent molecules?
Molecules formed by non-metals sharing electrons
What is the formula of ammonia?
NH₃
What structure is formed by sodium chloride ions?
Lattice
What are giant covalent structures?
A structure with strong covalent bonds throughout
Give examples of simple covalent molecules.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane
How many bonds does each carbon atom form in a diamond?
Four
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules made of many atoms bonded together, such as those found in giant covalent structures like diamond.
Why do ionic substances have high melting and boiling points?
Because of strong electrostatic forces between ions
Why do covalent substances have low melting and boiling points?
Because of being made up from simple molecules and weak intermolecular forces
When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?
When dissolved in water or melted
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity in certain conditions?
So they can carry the electrical charge
Do covalent substances conduct electricity?
No