APH CH 12 blood

blood is

connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid

blood functions to

transport substances between cells and the external environment

what does blood transpot

O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste

platelets

close wounds

WBC

fights infections

blood distributes

heat

blood promotes

homeostasis

Average adult has _____ of blood

5L

body size, change in fluid (electrolyte concentration) and amount of adipose tissue

affect how much blood you have

Liquid Plasma is _____ of blood

55%

Liquid Plasma is clear, straw colored liquid composed of

water, carbs, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste

Solid Portion - Hematocrit (HCT) is ______ of blood

45%

Solid Portion - Hematocrit (HCT) has

RBC, WBC and Platelets

Red blood cells aka

erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are ________ ______ in structure

biconcave discs

Erythrocytes have ______ that carry oxygen

hemoglobin

Erythrocytes do not have a

nucleus

Erythrocytes can not

make proteins or divide

males have

4.6 – 6.2 million RBC per cubic millimeter

females have

4.2 – 5.4 million RBC per cubic millimeter

Erythrocytes are produced in ______ and _______ as a FETUS

liver and spleen

Erythrocytes are produced in ______ _______ as INFANTS and ADULTS

bone marrow

Erythropoietin is a

hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Erythropoietin is controlled by

negative feedback

Average life span of a red blood cell is _____ days (removed by the spleen)

120

Sickle Cell Anemia causes erythrocytes to be

Hard, scarred, inflexible

◦Can’t carry as much oxygen

Sickle Cell Anemia symptoms include

fatigue, short of breath, painful joints

Sickle Cell Anemia diagnosis is higher in

African American Populations

◦Resistant to malaria

White blood cells aka

Leukocytes

Leukocytes protect against

disease

Leukocytes have ______ to _________ WBC per cubic millimeter

5,000 to 10,000

If you have more leukocytes than 5,000 to 10,000, it is an

infection

If you have less leukocytes than 5,000 to 10,000, it is

leukopenia

Leukocytes can indicate

typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS, poliomyelitis

Types of WBC

Lymphocytes

provides immunity (B & T cells)

Types of WBC

Monocytes

phagocytizes large particles

Types of WBC

Basophils

releases heparin and histamine

Types of WBC

Neutrophils

Phagocytizes small particles

Types of WBC

Eosinophils

kills parasites, helps control inflammation & allergic reactions

leukocytes- agranular

leukocytes- granular

platelets aka

Thrombocytes

thrombocytes are

not complete cells (fragments)

thrombocytes come from

large cells in red bone marrow

thrombocytes lacks a

nucleus

thrombocytes help close breaks in

damaged blood vessels

thrombocytes initiate

blood clots

thrombocytes are ______- ________ per cubic millimeter

130,000 – 360,000

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorders in which

it takes a long time for the blood to clot

Hemophilia is passed down through families (inherited), often affecting

males

Blood pH – basic normal :

7.35 – 7.45

Blood Plasma

◦ Plasma Proteins – most abundant solute in plasma; comes from the ____

liver

Plasma Proteins

Albumins – (60%)

Helps maintain osmotic pressure

Plasma Proteins

Globulins – (36%)

Transports lipids, antibodies & fat soluble vitamins

Plasma Proteins

Fibrinogens (4%)

blood coagulation

Hemostasis is stoppage of

bleeding

Hemostasis

Vasospasm

smooth muscles in walls of a blood vessel contract, blood loss lessens

Hemostasis

Serotonin

vasoconstrictor released by platelets when blood vessels break to control bleeding

Hemostasis

Platelet Plugs

- Adhere to rough surface and each other

- Control blood loss from a small break

Hemostasis

Blood Coagulation – blood clot

- Clotting factors – biochemicals to promote and inhibit coagulation

- Fibrin – insoluble threads of protein produced by fibrinogen (a plasma protein)

- Positive feedback system – original action stimulates more of the same type of action

- Once a blood clot begins to form, it promotes more clotting.

Blood Clots

Thrombus

blood clot abnormally forming in a blood vessel

Blood Clots

Embolus

a blood clot that breaks loose and is carried away by the blood flow

Signs of a mismatched blood transfusion

◦Anxiety, difficulty breathing, red face, neck, chest, lumbar pain & death

Agglutination

clumping of red blood cells after a transfusion

Antigens

chemical found on all cells (including RBC) that stimulates body to produce antibodies

Antibodies

A protein made by the immune system that reacts with antigens

Type A – only have antigen __ on RBCs

A

Type B – only have antigen ___ on RBCs

B

Type AB – have both antigen __and antigen __ on RBCs

A and B

Type O – have neither antigen __and antigen __on RBCs

A and B

Most Common blood types

 Type O (47%)

 Type A ( 41%)

Rarer blood types

 Type B ( 9%)

 Type AB (3%)

Shortly after birth, if the antigen is absent, _______

antibodies are produced

Type A produces antibodies for

Antigen B

Type B produces antibodies for

Antigen A

Type AB doesn’t produce any antibodies

NEITHER antigen A or antigen B

Type O produces antibodies for

BOTH antigen A and Antigen B

Type A – donates to

A and AB

Type B – donates to

B and AB

Type AB – donates only to

AB

Type O - donates to

ALL

Type A – receives from

A and O (A preferred)

Type B – receives from

B and O (B preferred)

Type AB – receives from

ALL (AB preferred)

Type O – receives

only from O

Rh blood groups –

rhesus monkey

Rh factors (antigens)

◦antigen D is most important of the Rh antigens

Rh positive – antigen D is

present

Rh negative – antigen D is

not present (absent)

Only Rh+ can receive from Rh-

Rh- will have antibodies to Rh+

85% Rh

positive

15% Rh

negative

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

 Pregnant mother: if mother is Rh- & fetus is Rh+

 At birth (or miscarriage), placental membranes can tear.

 Infant’s Rh + blood may enter maternal circulation.

 This Rh+ blood stimulates production of anti- Rh antibodies.

 If this woman becomes pregnant again with Rh + baby, the antibodies (for Rh+) cross the placental membrane, destroying fetal RBCs.

 Erythroblastosis fetalis develops in fetus.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis