Chapter 26-27 ("The Industrial Revolution" and "Imperialism in the 19th Century"))

Origins and Growth of Industrialization (1750-1914)

• Industrial Rev. began in Britain in the 18th Century

• Marked the transition from manual labor & natural sources of power → mechanical power & machine-driven production

• Results in new modes of Transportation, new economic policies, & new business procedures

Factory System

• Factories grew due to dependence on large machinery

• Steam power allowed factories to set up in cities with pools of cheap labor and access to transportation systems

The Industrial Revolution spread from Northern Europe to Southern Europe

Why?: Northern Europe had coal reserves and conditions suitable for industrialization

Differences between 1st Industrial Revolution and 2nd Industrial Revolution

• 1st: relied on steam power

• 2nd: used steel, electricity, and chemicals to steer progress

Chemicals

• Cheaper paper

• Fertilizer

• Explosives (dynamite used for tunnels and excavation projects like the Panama Canal)

• Tires, plastic

• Aspirin and soap products (which improved health and hygiene)

Other Advances

• Automobile

• Telegraph

• Telephone

• Machine Gun

The Social and Economic Impact of Industrialization

• Population increases due to food surplus, improvements in healthcare, and sanitation

• Growing Middle-Class (doctors, lawyers, merchants)

• Working Class-increased use of child labor (leads to increased injury and death among kids)

Improved Standard of Living

• Increased wages

• Improved living conditions in factories, mines, cities

• More jobs for women

• Women gained the right to vote with the 19th Amendment

Big Business

Laissez-faire: “hands-off” policy by governments towards business. Leave business alone.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

• Britain had “coal and colonies”-natural resources for producing energy and a global trading network

• A thriving merchant class

• A banking system

• A population surge due to new crops coming from America

Colonialism

A system in which people from one country settle in another, ruling it while maintaining connections to the mother country

• Current Use: used to describe the contemporary exploitation (imperialism) of weaker countries by imperial powers

Tariffs

Modern form of imperialism?

Based on this cartoon, what was the Scramble for Africa?

The splitting of Africa between the European countries for its Natural Resources

What’s the meaning of this Cartoon?

The Berlin Conference/The scramble for Africa/The European powers choosing how to divide up Africa’s land among themselves

Why do imperialists want Africa?

for Natural Resources

Cecil Rhodes

____ feet are on Cape town, South Africa and Cairo, Egypt because he wanted to build a railroad between north and south Africa. Though unsuccessful, he was able to build lines of communication between the two (The ______ Colossus)

The Industrial Revolution

With its technological advancements, Europe had a large advantage over the Native Africans when it came to claiming the land through violence

The British East India Company

A corrupt, private British company that was unable to handle military affairs, which forced the British government to get involved to assume control of the colonized territories of India, Australia, and New Zealand.

• India became the “center” of the British Empire because it had an abundance of cotton for them to exploit, and early British Industrialization depended upon it

• Britain created a civil service (puppet) government to run India, making it the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire

Sepoy Mutiny

Rumors of the Indian troops having to bite paper gunpowder cartridges had spread. The cartridges were speculated to have been greased with cow or pig fat, which is against the Hindu and Muslim Faiths

• This caused the Indian Soldiers to rebel. Violence on both sides:

  • Mass casualties and atrocities

  • Mass hanging and indiscriminate shootings

Australia and New Zealand

• Britain shipped 50,000 convicts to Australia, the empire’s prison colony

• Mining generated gold and silver rushes which brought immigrants to Australia.

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Gained independence for India with the use of non-cooperation and nonviolence with Britain

• MLK studied under him to employ nonviolent civil disobedience

Concert of Europe

1815-1914: The International political system that promoted a balance of power among European powers