Market Revolution & Reform Era

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to the Market Revolution and Reform Era.

Constitution

Created a legal and economic framework for national markets, protecting contracts and property.

Agricultural Revolution

Characterized by new tools like the steel plow and mechanical reaper, improving crops and breeding.

Impact on farmers

Increased productivity led farmers to shift from subsistence to cash crops.

Transportation Revolution

Key innovations included turnpikes, canals, steamboats, and early railroads.

Economic effects of transportation changes

Lowered shipping costs, sped up travel, linked regions, and encouraged urban growth.

Drawbacks of new transportation systems

Included accidents, environmental changes, and large debts from canal projects.

Pre-industrial American manufacturing

Home-based 'putting-out' system, small workshops, handmade goods, and flexible schedules.

Preconditions for industrialization

Capital, water power, labor supply, inventions, better transportation, and government support.

First industrialized region in the U.S.

New England.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Created the Lowell textile system combining spinning and weaving under one roof.

Transformation of American cities

Cities grew rapidly as transportation hubs, attracting rural migrants and immigrants.

Urban problems from growth

Overcrowding, sanitation issues, fires, crime, and labor unrest.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

1) Missouri slave state, 2) Maine free state, 3) slavery banned north of 36°30′ latitude.

Northern opposition to Missouri's admission

Fear of expansion of slavery and its political power.

Traditional Republicans

Believed in strict construction, states’ rights, and limited government.

National Republicans

Believed in a strong federal government, national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements.

Evolution of Traditional Republicans

Became Democrats.

Evolution of National Republicans

Became Whigs.

Candidates in the Election of 1824

Jackson, Adams, Clay, and Crawford.

Controversy of Election of 1824

No majority winner; House chose Adams, leading to Jackson's claim of a 'Corrupt Bargain'.

Jackson's influence on Second Party System

Battles over the Bank, tariffs, and Indian Removal split politics into Democrats vs. Whigs.

Theory of nullification

The idea that a state could nullify a federal law if unconstitutional.

Author of theory of nullification

John C. Calhoun, in protest of the Tariff of Abominations (1828).

Jackson's response to Nullification Crisis

Rejected nullification, passed the Force Bill, and accepted Clay’s Compromise Tariff.

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

Social change, frontier revivalism, and democratization of religion.

Differences between Second and First Great Awakening

Second stressed free will, emotion, and moral reform rather than predestination.

Impacts of the Second Great Awakening

Growth of Baptists and Methodists, reform movements, and belief in human improvement.

Reforms inspired by Second Great Awakening

Abolition, temperance, education, women’s rights, and prison/asylum reform.

Motivations of abolitionists

Religious faith, morality, and human rights ideals.

Abolitionists' approach to anti-slavery

Demanded immediate emancipation and equality rather than gradual change.

Split in abolition movement (1840s)

Disputes over politics, religion, and women’s leadership.

Significance of the Liberty Party

First political party dedicated to ending slavery.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women should remain pure, pious, domestic, and submissive.

Emergence of the Cult of Domesticity

Result of industrialization separating home life from men's paid work.

Effects of the Cult of Domesticity on women

Limited public roles but encouraged women’s reform and moral activism.

Overall Market Revolution

Combination of agricultural, industrial, and transportation revolutions reshaping American society.