med 1 prelims midterm

1. A simple deprivation of water or simple dehydration w/o sodium less is referred to as a _______. But

Hypertonic

2. A less of isotonic fluid and sodium less is known as _____ and can be associated with copious sweating and simple enteritis.

Isotonic dehydration

3. However, a severe dehydration plus severe hyponatremia is a manifestation of _____ which is the effect of enterotoxigenic collibacillosis and salmonellosis in the horse.

Hypotonic

4. _____ fever results from infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa which may be localized in abscesses in the body cavities as empyema or with bacteremia or septicemia.

Septic

5. ______ fever consist of initial rise, a fall to normal and secondary rise.

Biphasic

6. ______ a symptom complex in which hyperthermia and toxemia are produced by substances circulating in the blood stream.

Heatstroke

7. ______ fever is when fever peaks last for 2-3 days and interspersed with normal periods

Intermittent

8. In cattle, the rumen in its content can be usually palpate in the _______ area of the body.

Left paralumbar fosa

The auscultation site in determining the characteristics of a normal heart sounds and the presence of abnormal sounds is located between the _________.

4th and 5th intercostal spaces

Rectal examination enables observations to be made on the ____, ____, ____, ____, _____.

Urinary tract

Genital tract

Peritoneum

Pelvic vessel

Alimentary

_____ is a physical examination technique sized at determining size, consistency, temperature, and sensitiveness of the lesion by using probe.

Palpation

12. ________ a close physical examination performed by placing the ear to the body surface over the organ.

Auscultation

13. ______ sound is a drum-like note emitted by an organ containing gas under pressure.

Tympanitic

14. SYSTOLIC sound is best heard over ____ while diastolic sound is best heard over the ______.

1. Cardiac apex

2. Base of the heart

15. The first and most important clinical findings in dehydration is _____ and _____ giving the body and face a shrunken appearance.

Lethargy and dullness

II. Write the body normal temperature at an average environmental temperature on the following domestic animals.

1. Horse

2. Pig

3. Goat

4. Cat

5. Cattle

6. Sheep

7. Dog

1. Horse - 38.0°C ( 100.5°F)

2. Pig - 39.0°C ( 102.0°F)

3. Goat - 39.5°C ( 103.0°F)

4. Cat - 38.0°C ( 100.5°F)

5. Cattle - 38.5°C ( 101.5°F)

6. Sheep - 39.0°C (102.0°F)

7. Dog - 38.0°C (100.5°F)

III. What are 2 ways of making diagnosis in the CID EDITION of Vet. Med. Textbook?

1. Physical examination: Close Quarters (Body regions)

2. General inspection : Distance examination

IV. what are the data or information that must be included in probing or taking the history of a particular disease you are asked to troubleshoot?

1. Patient data

2. disease history

3. Previous exposure

4. Prior treatment

5. Prophylactic and control measures

6. Transit

7. Culling rate

V. Enumerate the different words used to describe palpation findings. Explain each word briefly.

1. Doughy - when the structure pits on pressure as in edema.

2. Firm - when the structures has the consistency of normal liver.

3. Hard - when the structures consistency is bone like.

4. Fluctuating - when the structure is soft elastic and adulates on pressure but does not retain imprints of the fingers.

5. Emphysematous - when the structure is puffy and swollen, moves and crackles under pressure because of presence of gas in the tissue.

6. Tense - when the strucutre feels like viscous distented with gas and liquid under the considerable pressure.

3 types of dehydration

1. Hypertonic dehydration - simple deprivation of water resulting to simple dehydration without sodium loss.

-primarily loss of water

2. Isotonic dehydration

   • Exemplified by loss of isotonic fluid as in copious sweating, necrosis,simple entiritis, considered as a mild dehydration.

3. Hypotonic dehydration

   • Primarily loss of electrolytes.

Degree of dehydration

4-6% dehydration - mild dehydration, barely detectable clinically

6-8% dehydration - manifested in the eye which appear sunken and the skin fold or tempting of the skin reelevated for 2-4 seconds.

8-10% dehydration - the eyes are markly sunken and the skin fold while remain elevated for 6-10 seconds.

10-12% dehydration - manifest the eye, skin fold can remain elevated for 20-45 seconds.

Two general principles in the Treatment of fever

• Remove the source of toxin to Treat the toxemia and hyperthemia if the fever as excessive or prolonged.

• Removal of toxins necessitates control of infection by antibacterial drugs

• Removal of necrotic material in aseptic fevers and local infections.

What are the 3 basis of diagnosting dietary diarrhea?

• H → History / Feeding practices

• C → Clinical signs / Physical examination

• E → Exclusion of other causes

2 major causes of dehydration

1. Inadequate water intake

2. Excessive fluid loss

What causes cud-dropping in cattle?

Cud-dropping may occur due to partial pharyngeal paralysis, which causes difficulty in controlling and swallowing the regurgitated bolus, leading to it being dropped from the mouth.

Describe briefly your understanding on vomiting

Most complex of the motor disturbances in the alimentary tract. It is essentially a protective mechanism with the function of removing excessive quantities of ingesta or toxic materials from the stomach.

What do you know about enteritis? Enumerate some of the causes of this alimentary tract dysfunction. 

Enteritis is the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, commonly affecting the small intestine. It results in diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, and possible acid–base imbalances, depending on the severity, location, and underlying cause of the lesions.

Cardinal signs of hepatitis

-Anorexia, ,mental depression with excitement in some cases, muscle weakness, jaundice.

- In terminal stages somnolence recumbency and coma with intermittent convulsion.

Two classification of jaundice and give an example for each classification

• Jaundice without impairment of bile flow overproduction jaundice (hemolytic)

• Jaundice with impairment of bile flow: jaundice due to hepatic cell degeneration and jaundice due to bile stasis (cholestasis)

Terminologies used to describe palpation findings and explain brefly each terminology.

1. Doughy - when the structure pits on pressure as in edema.

2. Firm - when the structures has the consistency of normal liver.

3. Hard - when the structures consistency is bone like.

4. Fluctuating - when the structure is soft elastic and adulates on pressure but does not retain imprints of the fingers.

5. Emphysematous - when the structure is puffy and swollen, moves and crackles under pressure because of presence of gas in the tissue.

6. Tense - when the strucutre feels like viscous distented with gas and liquid under the considerable pressure.

What is rote method of diagnosis?

A memorization-based diagnostic approach where the clinician/veterinarian relies on memorized associations between clinical signs and diseases rather than reasoning or analyzing the underlying cause.

What are the valuable informations needed in the examination of the faces and how is the volume of the feces describe?

valuable information from feces analysis includes detecting parasites, assessing the consistency, Volume, form, color, covering, odor, composition and identifying signs of digestive issues. Feces volume is described using a scoring system, which helps assess the consistency of the feces.

What are the data that should be included in probing disease history?

I. Signalment (Basic Patient Information)

II. Owner/Client Information:

III. Chief Complaint (Presenting Problem):

IV. History of the Present Illness (HPI):

V. System Review

VI. Past Medical History:

VII. Environmental and Management History:

What are your major concern when presented with a patient suffering electrolyte imbalance? (mostly 4)

major concerns are Cardiovascular Function, Neuromuscular Function, Acid-Base Status and Hydration Status.

major concern are sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. Losses of bicarbonate are presented under acid-balance imbalance.

What are the three types of dehydration? Explain briefly and give example for each type. 

1. Hypertonic dehydration - simple deprivation of water resulting to simple dehydration without sodium loss.

-primarily loss of water

2. Isotonic dehydration

   • Exemplified by loss of isotonic fluid as in copious sweating, necrosis,simple entiritis, considered as a mild dehydration.

3. Hypotonic dehydration

   • Primarily loss of electrolytes.

In post-natal diseases what are the 3 phases of disease occurence, what age are affected and give the probable cause(s).

Early postnatal disease (within 48 hours of birth) - Mostly non-infectious/metabolic (hypoglycemia, hypothermia, poor mothering, low vigor).

Delayed postnatal disease (2-7 days of age) - Result of starvation, poor colostrum intake, or failure of passive immunity.

Late postnatal disease (1-4 weeks of age) - Persistent hypogammaglobulinemia,

In the disease of the new born, what are the 3 phases of post natal disease occurence and write also the age of the affected newborn pigs opposite each phase (enclosed in parenthesis)

Early postnatal disease (within 48 hours of birth) - Mostly non-infectious/metabolic (hypoglycemia, hypothermia, poor mothering, low vigor).

Delayed postnatal disease (2-7 days of age) - Result of starvation, poor colostrum intake, or failure of passive immunity.

Late postnatal disease (1-4 weeks of age) - Persistent hypogammaglobulinemia,

What are the information that you must include while taking the history of a particular disease problem affecting a flock of birds or herd of cattle or pigs.

I. Signalment (Basic Patient Information)

II. Owner/Client Information:

III. Chief Complaint (Presenting Problem):

IV. History of the Present Illness (HPI):

V. System Review

VI. Past Medical History:

VII. Environmental and Management History:

1. Allergry – Antigen- antibody reaction

2. Caprophagia – Eating feces

3. Aphagia – Decrease feed intake

4. Amyloidosis – Proteinuria

5. Polyphagia – Overeating

6. Inanition – Malnutrition

7. Cateophagia – eating of the bones

8. Pica – Alletriophagia

9. Anaphylscis – IgE

10. hyperorexia – Increase appetite

11. Hyperpotasemia – Hyperkalemia

12. Hyponatremia – reduced blood sodium level

pulse rate

Adult horse - 30-40 per minute

Foals up to 1 year - 70-80 per minute

Adult cattle - 60-80 per minute

young calves - 100-120 per minute

sheep and goats - 70-90 per minute

Normal daily output of feces Horses,cattle,pig, sheep and goat

Horses- 15-20kg/day

Cattle- 25-45kg/day

Pig- 1-2.5kg/day

Sheep and goat- 0.5-1kg/day

• Perinatal disease – Morbidity or mortality that occurs at birth and within the first 24 hours of life.

• Parturient disease – Diseases associated with dystocia, causing cerebral anoxia or fetal hypoxemia, and their consequences.

• Septic fever – Localized or systemic fever due to bacteremia or septicemia.

• Septicemia - also known as blood poisoning or sepsis, an infection in the bloodstream that is caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

• Intermittent fever – when fever peaks last for 2-3 days and interspersed with normal periods.

• Biphasic fever consists of an initial rise, a fall to normal and a secondary rise.

• Toxemia – A clinical systemic condition caused by widespread activation of host defense mechanisms in response to toxins produced by bacteria or tissue injury.

• Hyperthermia – is also known as heat stroke. -- elevation of body temperature due to excessive heat production or absorption or to deficient heat loss when the causes of these abnormalities are purely physical.

  
  

  
  

1. The systelic sound is best heard over the cardiac apex while the disstelic sound is the best heard over the base of the heart.

AGREE

 The sound emitted by organs containing air such as lungs is classified as

RESONANT

A valuable diagnostic aid for the detection and localization of gas-filled viscus in the abdomen is

Percussion

 Increased dullness of lung resonance due to connolidation or the presence of space occupying lesions is best heard by?

Combined percussion and auscultation

Auscultation of the abdomen is an essential part of the clinical examination in pigs.

Agree

Alterations in the vesicular murmur and bronchial tones are most common abnormalities in animals with the disease of the lower respiratory tract and is best heard or audible by

Auscultation

A technique used to obtain information on the consistency and boundaries of organs not accessible by percussion is known as ______.

combined percussion and palpation

In the painful condition of the chest, there is fixation of the thorax and a mark increased in the movements of the abdominal wall.

Agree

In dyspnea, their is extension of the head and neck, dilation of the nostrils, abduction of the elbows and breathing to the mouth and increased movement of the thoracic and abdominal walls.

Agree

Prolongation of the expiratory phase to failure of normal lung collapse as attributed to ___.

Emphysema

In determining the characteristics of normal heart sounds and the presence of abnormal sounds, the auscultation sites are the ____.

4th and 5th intercostal spaces

The amplitude or depth or respiratory movements may be reduced in painful conditions of the chest or diaphragm and increased in any form of anexia.

Agree

Rectal examination enables observations to be made on the following internal structures.

Alimentary, Urinary, and genital tracts, vessels, peritoneum and pelvic

In the inspection of the head region of a cattle, facial abnormality like enlargement of saxillae and/or mandible can be usually due to ____.

Actinomycosis

In Cattle, the rumen and its contents can usually palpated in the _____ are of the body.

 left paralumbar fossa