APWH unit 9 vocab: globalization 🌎🌍🌏

Radio

A type of new media communication that came about in the early 1900's, brought news, music, and cultural events

shipping container

Large standard sized units that could be carried on a truck, train, or stacked on a ship, promoted mode spread for movement and goods

Green Revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties (due to genetic engineering, cross breeding)

Cross breeding

The breeding of two different individuals that results in a hybrid

genetic engineering

Manipulating a cell or organism to change its basic characteristics

Antibiotic

An agent used to kill bacteria (eg penicillin)

Birth control

A method used to reduce births, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes,, "the pill"

Fertility rates

the average number of births per people in the population

Vaccines

dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen. A weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.

Malaria

This parasitic disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos in tropical areas. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-saharan Africa die of this diesase and hundreds of millions are infected.

Doctors Without Borders

non-governmental organization that helps people in war-torn regions and aids developing countries facing endemic disease.

Tuberculosis (TB)

infectious bacterial disease, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles (from sneezing and coughing) and usually affecting the lungs; may spread to other organs, associated with poverty, usually treated with antibiotics

Cholera

Bacterial disease spread through contaminated water, approx 95,000 deaths a year, affects mainly poor ppl

Polio

Disease caused by virus contaminated water, can result and paralysis and death, has an effective vaccine, Jonas Salk (injectable), Albert Sabin (oral)

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections, caused by HIV

HIV

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system, makes one more likely to succumb to disease

Antiretrovirals

Stops HIV viruses from weakening the immune system, expensive, not many could afford treatment

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

Heart disease

any disease of the heart muscle or other working parts of the heart

Heart transplant

the surgical replacement of a diseased heart with a healthy one

Christiaan Barnard

Performed first successful heart transplant 1967

Robert Jarvik

Created first artificial heart

Artificial heart

Used as a temporary device while the patient waits for a compatible human heart

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Deforestation

Destruction of forests

Desertification

Removal of agricultural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands in arid and semi arid lands

air quality

The condition of the air based on the amount of pollution in it

water scarcity

the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region

Fossil fuels

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms (non renewable)

renewable energy sources

sources of energy able to be replaced through ongoing natural processes (eg wind, solar, biomass, etc)

Greenhouse gases

Gases that build up in the atmosphere and let the sun reach earth but trap it from leaving earth

Green Belt Movement

A movement to protect wilderness areas from urban growth

Green Party

A minor party dedicated to resolving environmental issues

Global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

carbon footprint

Amount of carbon dioxide each person produces

Kyoto Protocol

First major international agreement to reduce carbon emissions, dvlped nations in w Europe and US argue that dvlping countries (eg China, India, Russia, and Brazil), need to curb rapidly increasing output of carbon dioxide

Paris agreement

Most recent global agreement on climate change, new hope for progress against global warming

Anthropocene

the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment

Ronald Reagan

United States president that argued for a free market economy, discussions with Gorbachev led to end of the Soviet union

Margret Thatcher

Female prime minister in Great Britain, also advocated for free market economic policies

economic liberalization

Opening up of a country's economy , relaxed trade restrictions, more privately owned businesses

free market

Economic systems based on supply and demand, with little government control

Augusto Pinochet

A dictator in Chile who came to power by a military takeover promising to restore stability, committed many human rights violations, during his rule the Chilean of economy bc more like a free market, received help from the Chicago boys

Dang Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong, less economic equality, promoted economic growth ("let some ppl get rich first) caused ppl to desire political reforms as well, led to Tiananmen Square

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life, Chinese textbooks and officials don't recognize this event

Knowledge economy

Creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information, cause by communication and technological revolutions in the late 1900's

Asian tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s, followed japans economic policies

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries, encouraged establishment of maquiladoras in Mexico and Honduras

Maquiladoras

The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. or Canadian market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods with low tariffs

Mercosur

latin american free trade agreement; includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

International treaty that committed signatories to lowering barriers to the free flow of goods across national borders, lifted restrictive barriers on trade

Protective tariffs

taxes on foreign imports

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly, took over GATT operations, many didn't like it due to its seclusive nature and how it controlled 90% of trade

multinational corporation

One that is legally incorporated into one country but makes or sells goods or services in one or more other countries

Microsoft

Company owned by bill gates, multinational corporation, invested in the Indian economy

Google

Multinational corporation that invested in the Indian corporation, popular search engine

Mahindra and mahindra

Indian based multinational corporation, produces cars, farm equipment, mil. equipment, electrical energy, HQ in Mumbai India, received award for responsible practices

Nestlé

Largest food corporation in the world, subject to many controversial issues, eg getting cocoa from places using child labor, thinking that drinking water was a product and not a right

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights and freedoms for all human beings

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)

Provided food for children suffering in Europe after wwII

Human rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Negritude Movement

a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values, pride in "blackness"

Leopold Senghor

part of negritude movement, which rejected negative vies of Africa, wrote "Black Woman", later takes role in Senegals drive to independence and would serve as it's 1st president

liberations theology

Combined socialism and Catholicism, spread in Latin America, interpreted teachings of Jesus to include freeing them from oppressive social, economic, political polices, many supporters of this were persecuted

Pope Francis

First pope from Latin America; current pope of the Catholic Church, reversed polices on anti liberation theology

1965 Civil Rights Act

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, sex, or national origin

The 1965 Voting Rights Act:

-Banned discriminatory voting practices

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Pass laws

laws that stated blacks had to carry passbooks to show where they lived and worked. Blacks could also own land only in homelands, and couldn't be out after dark, reserved good jobs and privileges for whites

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

African National Congress (ANC)

the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party

Pariah state

An undesirable state (eg South Africa during apartheid)

F. W. de Klerk

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the abolition of apartheid, where witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights violations were invited to give statements about their experiences, supporters of apartheid were granted amnesty if they testified

Dalits

Members of India's "lowest" caste; literally, "broken people." Also called "Untouchables."

Reservation system

Govt set aside that a certain percentage of the government and public sector jobs would be set aside for ppl whose caste restricted them

Earth day

A holiday to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Green peace

Founded in 1971, advocates for the environment, multinational agency, battles deforestation, desertification, global warming, killing of whales, and overfishing

Wangari Maathai

Won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for "Green Belt" movement - planting trees in Kenya that provided food and fuel, and improved soil erosion and desertification.

Popular culture

Culture of everyday ppl rather than the educated elite

Americanization

belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens; included learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans

Throwaway culture

A focus on making disposable products, caused increased pollution and waste

Global brands

Brands(products or services) which have a common global name, visual identity and positioning (eg nike, apple, Rolex)

Online commerce

The buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet.

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay)

anime

Japanese style of animation

Reggae

Jamaican music, global in both origin and popularity, emerged in 1960s, blending of jazz and R & B, with mento (fusion of African rhythms and euro elements)

K pop

Korean music, artists sing in Korean and English, sometimes funded by the govt bc of the large amt of popularity of Korean exports

Streaming video

Website that allows one to stream videos posted by others ( eg you tube and Vimeo)

Malala Yousafzai

Pakistani activist, and the youngest noble prize recipient (was shot bc wanted to go to school)

Olympic Games

An event in which many ppl from different countries around the world compete in varying athletic competitions ( promoted internationalism)

World Cup

An international soccer competition

Hari Krishna

A movt based on traditional Hindu scriptures, came about soon after the release of a George Harrison song containing a Hindu mantra

Falun Gong

Movt based on Buddhist and Taoist traditions

Non believers

Ppl who were not affiliated with any religious institutions

New age religions

Forms of Buddhism, shamanism, Sufism, and other religious traditions were revived and adapted for a largely western audience

International Monetary Fund

A global financial institution that provided money to large corporations that needed it

Child labor

Labor done with children instead of adults

Amazon

A multinational corporation that supplies consumer goods, and has been accused of harsh working conditions