Sociolinguistics quiz 2

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Chapter 3, 4 and 10

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54 Terms

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speech community

a group of people with shared norms about a language use

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anti-essentialism

There is no essential underlying identity to particular social groups, that identify is something that changes according to time, place and context.

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(linguistic) norms

determined set of commonly used language assets, as well as rules for their selection and use, which have been recognized by society as the most appropriate in a particular historical period.

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community of practice

A group of people who come together around mutual engagements in some common endeavor, that lead to the development of common linguistic features.

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social network

Graphical overview of who interacts with who.

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dense social network

If the people you interact with also know and interact with each other.

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loose social network

If the people you interact with don’t interact with each other.

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multiplex social network

Network where people are linked to each other by more than one capacity

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uniplex/simplex social network

Network where people are linked to each other by only one capacity

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language ideologies

cultural conceptions about language, its nature, structure and use, and about the place of communicative behavior in social life

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hegemonic ideologies

Ideologies that are dominant due to consensus, including people for whom they are not beneficial.

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Language crossing:

Shifting into a dialect or language that doesn’t necessarily belong to the speaker.

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linguistic profiling

using accent, speech, and other auditory cues to identify the social characteristics of an individual (usually for the purpose of discriminating against them)

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Linguistic Analysis for the Determination of Origin (LADO)

involves using dialect features in the language use of the applicant to assess whether the claim is credible.

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utterance

The (oral/written) use of a sentence by a specific speaker at a certain place and time.

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performative language use:

performing actions with words.

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felicity conditions

pre-requisites the world must meet for the utterance to be successful

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Cooperative Principle

following maxims of conversation, how people achieve effective conversational communication in common social situations.

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What are the maxims of conversation

Quantity: say as much is require. Do not say more than is required.

- Quality: do not say what you believe to be false.

- Relation: be relevant. (your response needs to relate to the conversation)

- Manner: be brief, avoid ambiguous or vague expressions, say things in the order that they happened.

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implicature

The additional meaning the listeners looks for when the speaker violates a maxim.

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face

A person’s positive self-image

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positive face

People’s basic need to be appreciated

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negative face

A person’s basic need not to be imposed upon

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face-threatening acts

speech acts that threaten the positive face or the negative face of the addressee.

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face work

Linguistic efforts made to maintain the face of the speaker or addressee.

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positive politeness

The strategies are used to take into account positive face; show solidarity and approval.

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negative politeness

The strategies are used to take into account negative face; giving the other space.

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social distance

The distance between groups or individuals in a society.

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tu and vous (T/V) pronouns

Use of pronouns to show power and/or solidarity.

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symmetrical T/V usage

reciprocal use of either formal or informal pronoun to show politeness (V), intimacy (T) , or solidarity (T).

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asymmetrical T/V usage

use of formal or informal pronouns to signal a difference in power (a hierarchical relationship).

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What motivates the use of indirectness?

Positive and negative face

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face-threatening acts

speech acts that threaten the positive face (criticise) or the negative face (request) of the addressee.

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What increases the threats? (face-threatening acts)

High distance (don’t know each other well) and high power (the speaker is subordinate to the hearer).

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What are examples of positive politeness?

  • Using in-group language —> nicknames

  • Seeking agreement —> you’re coming, aren’t you?

  • Giving verbal gifts —> compliments

  • Exaggerating —> you must come!

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How do you practice negative politeness?

  • By apologizing —> I’m, sorry, can you tell me the way to the station?

  • Not pressuming —> Do you by any chance have an extra pen?

  • Being pessimistic —> I don’t suppose you know where John is?

  • Impersonalising the addresse —> Is there any sugar?

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What are some criticisms to the politeness theory?

  • Reflects western behaviour, stereorypical, white, middle-class, largely female language.

  • It is not always the case that the more indirect, the more polite you are.

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What can pronouns and titles be used for:

  • Encode status, prestige

  • Increase or reduce social distance

  • Construct shifting levels of distance or intimacy.

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Phatic communication:

Communication focused on the interaction as a means to create social connection.

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Examples of phatic communication:

Small talk, talking about the weather, formulaic greetings.

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Performative utterances:

Change the world, bring about new states of affairs, which did not exist before the utterance.

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requirement for performative language:

There must be an established procedure, which has to be executed correctly and completely.

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Essentialism:

Idea that people can be placed into fixed social categories and that all category members share certain traits which are the essence of the category.

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What are the criteria to define a speech community?

  • Shared language use

  • Frequency of interaction by a group of people

  • Shared rules of speaking and interpretations of speech performances

  • Shared attitudes and values regarding language forms and language use.

  • Shared socio-cultural understanding and assumptions regarding speech and events.

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Shared norms:

Giving the same (or similar) social meanings to particular ways of speaking.

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To say that a group of speakers constitues a CoP, they need:

  • Mutual engagement: relationship they forge with each other.

  • Joint enterprise: the goal they pursue together

  • Shared repertoire: set of behaviours they share

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True or false: A speaker can only participate in one CoP?

False.

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What does it mean when we say that language is indexical?

Language is indicative of one’s social class, status, region of origin, gender, age group, etc.

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Language attitudes:

People derive social meanings from language use.

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Positive language attitudes:

Languages can be considered beautiful or good for conveying complex thoughts.

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Negative language attitudes:

Languages can be considered not to have grammar, or as unsuitable for literature or formal affairs.

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Explain in your own words the matched-guise paradigm:

It is when a speaker reads the same passage in two languages. The hearer doesn’t know they are both from the same person and makes a judgement about the language and the varieties.

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Perpectual dialectology:

The study of nonlinguistics’ ideas about the regions, features and values of dialects.

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Nationalism and language —> main belief:

One nation-one language