Medical Intervention and Pathogens

These flashcards cover vocabulary and key concepts related to medical intervention, pathogens, and biological mechanisms as discussed in the lecture notes.

A specific action or treatment used to address a medical issue.

Medical Intervention

A method used for determining the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Cycle Sequencing

A statistical measure that helps determine the accuracy of a sequence alignment result.

E-value

The percentage of similarity between the specimen sequence and the reference sequence.

Max Identity

Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA.

PCR

A substance that induces an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies.

Antigen

A protein produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy pathogens.

Antibody

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall that retains the crystal violet stain.

Gram + Bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that does not retain the crystal violet stain.

Gram - Bacteria

The area around an antibiotic disk where bacteria cannot grow, indicating the effectiveness of the antibiotic.

Zone of Inhibition

The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of drugs previously effective against them.

Antibiotic Resistance

The susceptibility of bacteria to the effects of an antibiotic.

Antibiotic Sensitivity

A test to determine antibiotic susceptibility by measuring the zone of inhibition.

Kirby Bauer Method

DNA that has been artificially formed by combining constituents from different organisms.

Recombinant DNA

The study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations.

Epidemiology

The spiral-shaped, hearing-sensitive organ in the inner ear containing hair cells.

Cochlea

The application of computer technology to the management of biological information, particularly in genomics.

Bioinformatics

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected.

Epidemic

The process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.

Transduction

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material.

Transformation

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in phenotype.

Mutation

A type of vaccine that uses messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response.

mRNA Vaccine

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is distinct from chromosomal DNA.

Plasmid

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome.

SNP

A laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.

Chromatography

A medical treatment that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly.

Dialysis

4 steps to cycle sequencing

• Isolate pathogen

• PCR

• PCR with fluorescent nucleotides 

• DNA sequencing

1. When performing normal PCR, what ingredients must be included in the PCR tube? 

Primer, nucleotides, taq polymerase

A substance that induces an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies.

Antigen

A protein produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy pathogens.

Antibody

The study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations.

Epidemiology

The application of computer technology to the management of biological information, particularly in genomics.

Bioinformatics

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected.

Epidemic

The process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.

Transduction

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material

Transformation

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in phenotype.

Mutation

A type of vaccine that uses messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response.

mRNA

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is distinct from chromosomal DNA.

Plasmid

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome.

SNP

A laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.

Chromatography

A medical treatment that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly.

Dialysis

The first step of PCR where double-stranded DNA is separated into two single strands by heating to approximately 94∘C94∘C-−−96∘C96∘C.

Denaturation

The movement of DNA directly from one bacterial cell to another through a protein tube called a pilus.

Conjugation

Enzymes that act as "molecular scissors" to cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences.

Restriction Enzymes

A biochemical technique used to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody in a sample using an enzyme-linked color change.

ELISA

What is the difference between “normal” PCR and cycle sequencing PCR?

In cycle sequencing there are also fluorescent nucleotides

1.  Attack peptidoglycans of cell wall

Penicillins

Attack ability to make proteins

Tetracyclines

1. Stops DNA replication

Fluoroquinolones

1. Prevents folate production needed for reproduction

Sulfonamides

What is the difference between antibiotic resistance and antibiotic sensitivity?

Antibiotic resistance refers the bacteria ability to resist

1. A pump that pumps out antibiotics and never allows high concentrations.

Efflux

An enzyme that deactivates the antibiotic.

Inactivation/destruction

One bacteria shares antibiotic resistance gene from plasmid by copying plasmid and sharing it through pilus.

Conjunction

What human activities contribute to antibiotic resistance?

Use of antibiotics in farming, overuse of antibiotics in medicine, not taking entire prescription

What is another name for “antimicrobial”?

antibiotic

What is the difference between innate/nonspecific immune response and a specific immune response?

Innate immunity is a generic response to perceived attack. It involves mucous membranes, stomach acids and generally called macrophages that attack anything.

1. Are antibodies specific or nonspecific immunity? 
   

Specific

1. Has a similar characteristic to more dangerous type (Cowpox, Smallpox)

Similar Pathogen

Virus inactivated through formaldehyde and can't replicate

Killed Vaccine

1. Grown at lower temperatures and is slow

Attenuated (Live

mRNA is injected that will create a protein on the other surface of pathogen

mRNA vaccine

1.  a description of a recombinant DNA vaccine.  

In a recombinant vaccine goal is the memory of a specific part of the pathogen. Agent is inserted into a plasmid. The gene should code for a part of the pathogen that gets an immune response.

1. What is another name for endonuclease?

Molecular scissors

1. What are the molecular tools used to assemble recombinant DNA?

restriction enzymes for clothing and ligase for glueing the sequence back together.