Western Civ Exam 1

When did the Holy Roman Empire begin? Who was its first emperor? What was its purpose?

Holy Roman Empire(HRE) began in 800 A.D. ; Charlemagne was the first emperor; the HRE is supposed to protect all christian lands, need to protect their land, protect against outside invaders, and protecting the church from heresy, catholic church is the advance guard, but if that fails then the HRE is supposed step in and protect the church

2. What kinds of things did the Catholic Church do that made it similar to a nation?

They were a political entity, the pope led, passed laws, had soldiers, and silenced critics.

3. What was the Orthodox Church, and where was it located?

Located in the east(catholics in the west), they were those who wanted to move the church to Constantinople, and the Catholics were the ones who did not.

4. What was the Great Schism?

1054 A.D., the Orthodox and the Roman sides of the church split

5. What were the various beliefs of the Catholic Church I talked about, like sacraments and penance?

Sacraments are different rituals done at different stages of life like baptism, coming of age ceremony, marriage, confession, and death rights. Penance is an act or set of actions performed out of contrition for sins committed

6. What was Luther's background? What was Luther troubled by, and what solution did he come up with? What does "priesthood of all believers" mean?

Monk from Wittenberg, father was a miner who wanted his son to become a lawyer. His friends die to the plague and he decides to devote his life to God. He was greatly troubled by his personal sin, his solution is to this is to study deeply, as he was literate in latin. He decides that salvation is a gift and that you can only be justified by faith and not by works. The "priesthood of all believers" is his belief that all believers can become priests and have the power and knowledge of a priest.

7. What were indulgences? What were the "95 Theses"?

slips of paper signed by the pope that would get you a direct gateway to heaven, like a "get out of jail free card". Luther knew that the indulgences were a scam and tried to tell people this, but no one was listening to him. So he decided to write out 95 complaints or theses in 1517 about the catholic church and he nailed them to the doors of the church in Wittenburg.

8. What did the Pope and Charles V do, or try to do, to Luther?

Wanted luther to publicly pronounce that he was wrong. Luther took this letter and burned it in public, showing that the Pope had no authority over him, showing that he fully believed in what the Bible said. The pope excommunicates Luther. Charles V, the most powerful HRE, calls a meeting(Diet of Worms) and asks Luther to side with the Pope, and he says his conscience would not allow it. Luther effectively becomes an outlaw, gets a price on his head. Powerful rulers known as the electors protected Luther if they had beef with Charles V. All this pampers down his beliefs to be more obedient.

9. What is the printing press, and what impact did it make in the Reformation?

Yohan Gutenberg invented the printing press so papers could be mass produced, causing mass spread, which is why Luther was able to get a fast following

10. What did Luther believe about the importance of the Bible? (answer: that it was the ultimate authority)

It was the ultimate authority

11. How did cities decide what religion the people practiced?

often determined by the faith of their ruler

12. Who was Huldrych Zwingli? Where did he preach? What did he do there? What were his key beliefs?

from Zurich(swiss city) where he preached against church practices(read from original greek and hebrew text), gained a following in Zurich. Split city from catholic church. Zwingly abolished monasteries and turned them into hospitals, took images out of churches. Came to argue that if you followed a reformed christianity, you don't need the pope or official catholic church. Disagreed with Luther about the Eucharist, luther believed in the literal flesh and blood while Zwingli saw it as a symbol instead.

13. Who was John Calvin? Where did he preach? What did he do there? What were his key beliefs?

France was very catholic so he left. preached in Geneva and where he started posting his writings(swiss but close to france so they spoke french), snuck his writings into france. Geneva became a haven for people fleeing the catholic church. When he came back in the 1540s he had free reign to reform the city. Believed in predestination, never know if you are going to heaven or hell, but better act like you are going to heaven; believed wealth was a blessing from God. Wanted to establish a christian community and reformed churches to go along with this program. BUT, did not let anyone disagree with them(theocracy).

14. Who was Michael Servetus, and what happened to him?

Danish catholic theologian critical of Calvin, tried to change Calvin's mind and visited Geneva many times. Calvin told him if he came back to Geneva he would not come back alive. Servetus visited secretly in 1553, was sold out, arrested, Calvin wanted him executed, instead they burned him at the stake.

15. What were the peasant uprisings of 1524-25, and what happened?

Peasants started to realize that their landlords were not treating them right and were using them. So 300,000 peasants rose up, Luther initially supported them. Were untrained, and weaponless. Luther realizes that he kind of depends on the rulers, and so he writes against the peasants, saying they deserve death in body and in soul. Crushed by HRE armies.

16. Who were the Anabaptists? Where did they get their name from? What were their key beliefs?

also known as rebaptizers; they received their name because they believed in adult baptism and so since everyone had practically been baptized as a baby, they rebaptized them as adults. Believed the bible was the authority in every circumstance no matter the consequences

17. Who was Menno Simons, what were his beliefs, and what group bears his name?

Menno Simons, Dutch Anabaptist, went into the priesthood(1524), read works of Luther where he did a thorough study of the NT. He then believed that you HAD to study the bible, it was the ultimate authority. Preached(1537) adult baptism, absolute nonviolence, reject anything not grounded in the NT, can not serve the state militarily, cannot serve judicially. Very literal understanding of the bible. The group that bears his name is the Mennonites(and amish, etc.) executed as heretics. Told stories of martyrs to keep their faith going.

18. Who was Henry VIII? Who was Catherine of Aragon? Why did Henry think he couldn't have a son? What did Henry VIII want from the Pope, and why was it not granted? What was Henry VIII's solution? What was the Act of Supremacy (1534)?

1509, Henry the 8th took the throne, from the Tudor family(2nd), older brother was supposed to be king. Catherine of Aragon was the wife of Henry's brother and was now the wife of Henry. She is from Spain and is the daughter of Ferdinand, the most powerful ruler at the time(b/c of columbus). She was set the marry Henry's brother for diplomacy(England+Spain). Pope gave his blessing and they married. Asked Pope for a divorce as she was becoming infertile, but the Pope said no b/c he was under house arrest by the HRE Charles V and did not want to be on his bad side. So Henry took power away from the Catholic church(land, tithe, etc.). The act of Supremacy (1534) made the ruler of England the supreme head of the church(start of the Church of England). Could not decide if they wanted to look like the catholic church or not.

19. What different areas did Charles V's territory cover? What were the internal and external threats to his empire? What was said at the 1526 Diet? What did some of the Protestant princes do at the Diet of Augsberg? What was reaffirmed at the Peace of Augsburg? What does "cuius regio, eius religio" mean? What was the problem?

Charles V had lots of land, defender of the church, fighting the turks, him and Luther think of uniting but Luther is in disagreement over the issue of religion. The 1526 Diet says that rulers can choose their religion(reform or catholicism). Some of the Protestant Princes at the Diet of Ausberg(1530) formed an anti-Charles group and go to war with him, he defeats them. 1555, Peace of Augsburg, Charles reaffirms the idea set oat the 1526 Diet with the latin phrase "cuius regio, eius religio", meaning 'His territory, his religion.' The Problem was that 1555 was not 1526, some want to be Calvin but Charles doesn't let them. This keeps peace for a while but is the reason for the destruction of the HRE in a bad war.

Lecture 2

"Right religion" extremely important

20. Who were the Huguenots?

(France)Swiss Lands that spoke French, Geneva being one of these, made it easy to sneak reform back into France. The Huguenots were French Protestants

How large were they as a group?

They were the minority 10%,

How important were they as a group?

they could read so they had a lot of influence(like artisans, merchants, lawyers, aristocrats)(⅓ of the entire French nobility)

What happened in 1534, when anti-Catholic flyers were posted in Paris?

Protestants fled france(about 10,000)

21. What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Prominent wedding in Paris; leader of Huguenots tried to meet w/ king but he was too drunk to meet, so on his way to his house, he was shot by a sniper sent by the Catholics. It didn't kill him. The king sets some armed guards around him(Kaleeny), but then orders the guard to turn on him and kill him and his wife. Idea came around after that it was the King's will to kill the Huguenots, and so over 3 days, they murdered 3000 Huguenots. An additional 10,000 Huguenots were murdered over the next few weeks.

22. Who was Henry of Navarre(Henry IV)?

He is who was to take over the throne after the brother of Charles IX(the king who murdered the huguenot nobility), Henry III, couldn't produce an heir. Leader of the Bourbon family(Protestant family). It was his wedding that everyone had gathered for. Henry III supported passing the throne to the Protestant and had the Gewise heir(catholic family) murdered. Henry III was later murdered by a Catholic monk(so not exactly always about religion). Henry IV converted to Catholicism rather than losing the throne(1593)

What was the Edict of Nantes?

1598, decree that gave the Huguenots lot of freedoms and more control. ended french civil wars

23. What was Bohemia?

Part of the HRE Bohemia(now known as the Czech Republic)

What was its capital?

capital was Prague(which became the HRE capital in the early 1600s)

What was the Defenestration of Prague?

Protestants had the right to worship as they pleased. New HRE, Matthias, promised protestant rights but then removed many, people got mad and in May 1618 some citizens marched into the palace of Prague. Grabbed 2 officials they were arguing with and threw them out of the window(Defenestrated), was part of the start of the 30-years' war. Protestant rebels rose up and took over prague, everyone joined in to gain something, but the Protestant rebels were defeated 2 years later in 1620, but chain reaction filled Europe

24. What and when was the Thirty Years' War, and what was its significance?

1618-1648, Chain reaction from Protestant rebels in HRE got everyone involved. Mostly Protestant vs. Catholic. Filled with massive mercenary armies(each like a million people), extremely brutal and devastating(villages burned, stole from innocent civillians, etc.); first major war after the invention of guns(used a poor tactic called volley; led to mass combat deaths); sieges for nearly 30 years, starvation, epedemic, etc. A THIRD of all german people died and a THIRD of all Bohemian people died

What was the Peace of Westphalia?

1648, a peace treaty ending the 30-Years War; the only thing that changed was that rulers could now choose Calvinism

25. What were some of the increased burdens being put on rulers at this time?

needed to finance large and prolonged military campaigns, which led to increased state authority. As armies grew to bolster the war effort, governments needed more money and more supervisory officials..To justify the growth of state authority and the expansion of government bureaucracies, rulers carefully cultivated their royal images.

Lecture 3

26. Who was Louis XIV?

Ruled for 72 years, one of the most important kings of france and had many illegitimate children; created the phrase "absolutist"(unchecked power) to describe his rule(but was this true?). 1643, almost 5-year-old Louis took throne; 1661 Louis began to rule solo and became very popular; Louis wasn't cruel but no one wanted to disappoint him. Accomplished a lot, but at what cost?

What were The Fronde(slingshot used by kids; slingshot was the symbol to mock him being a child)?

1648 there was a massive rebellion because his regents(people who ruled for him) were not french and those who wanted more power were mad they weren't given any. lasted 5 years

How did Louis concentrate all eyes on him?

wanted to make power revolve around him so that he would be so important that people wouldn't have reason to rebel against him. First he checked the power of the nobles and made them more dependent on him. Limited his advisors to 3-4 and he went for talent rather than status(like Jean-Baptiste Colbert). Increased the role of the central government(cuts out lots of middle man) and sent out royal officials; takes away the catholic church's ability to collect money but started to crack down on the Huguenots to stay on the pope's good side by bribing, threating them to become catholic

What was his symbol and nickname?

His nickname was Le Diudonne, which means Gift of God and he chose the sun as his symbol because the planets revolve around the sun like France revolves around him

What was Versailles?

A palace that Louis began to build in 1661; 3500 workers, was not finished when louis died in 1715; was a show of power and Louis' power; 1682 he moved into the palace; was originally a hunting lodge his father owned in the countryside; he chose this as he hated Paris, but it was bad as a ruler as the people felt geographically distant from him.

What did Louis do concerning the Edict of Nantes?

He revoked it, taking away the Huguenots' remaining rights; closed churches, school, kicked out if they did not convert. a million stayed secretly, 200,000 left

27. What is mercantilism?

idea that world contained a limited amount of resources(TRUE) and whoever controlled the biggest chunk of those resources was the most powerful person(NOT REALLY TRUE, as resources value changed over time, region, etc.); Louis attacked countries because they controlled a lot of resources

28. How large of an army did Louis XIV amass, and what changes in organization, etc. did this require?

400,000 army size(larger than all his enemies combined), government's size grows around war due to keeping a large army, grew the navy 6x, led to increased taxes, which caused rioting; by the end of his reign, 1 of 6 Frenchmen had served his military

How was Louis viewed by the other monarchs?

Earned more and more enemies as he went on due to his greediness; known as the "Christian Turk"

29. Why might Louis be considered an absolutist?

Who was going to tell him no if he broke the law?

Why might he not be considered one?

The things he did were things that modern governments do; never said he was above the law, only used laws that were already around

30. What was the War of Spanish Succession [1702-1713]?

Spain knew they were going to need a new ruler soon(the current was Charles 2nd, a Habsburg who had all the bad traits of inbreeding) as he couldn't produce an heir. 2 possible heirs: Philip of Anjou(Philip V of Spain, Louis the 14th grandson), the other was a relative of the HRE; Charles II left his rule to Philip in his will. Louis was cool with this and said he could still become king of France too if he wanted to(which was against Charles II rule)

Why did it begin, and who were the major players?

Louis blocks English imports into France and threatens to do the same in Spain, the English and the Netherlands declare war in 1702; the other guy up for Spain's throne who was a relative of the HRE, became the ruler of the HRE, which was problem for england because if they gave him Spain then he would be very powerful(as powerful as Charles V)

What, if anything, was accomplished?

England was winning but decided to discuss peace due to not having a good option for the next Spanish king(treaty of Utrecht). Britain got a little bit of territory, France got a little bit of territory, Philip kept the throne as long as he didn't become king of France. The War accomplished virtually nothing.

What did the Treaty of Utrecht do?

Britain got a little bit of territory, France got a little bit of territory, Philip kept the throne as long as he didn't become king of France