Unit 1 HBS

Epithelial Locations

Outer layer of skin, lining of intestines

Nervous Locations

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscle Locations

Throughout the body

Connective Locations

All free body surfaces (in between other tissues in the body)

Epithelial Functions

Absorption, filtration, and protection

Nervous Functions

Responsible for controlling many body activities (send electro-chemical signals throughout body)

Muscle Functions

Contract to produce movement

Connective Functions

Give structure to other tissues and organs in the body and binds them.

Canaliculi

Connects osteocytes

Hormone that increases calcium in blood

Parathyroid hormone

Shaft of bone is also known as

Diaphysis

Calcitonin stimulates

Osteoblasts

Spongy bone is found in

Epiphysis

Compact bone is made out of

osteons

Periosteum

Connective tissue that covers surface of bone

Osteocyte lives in

lacunae

Lucunae

Cavities containing bone cells (Osteocytes)

Lamellae

Rings around central canal sites of lucanae

Osteons

functional units of the bone

Osteocyte lives in

Lacunae

Abduction

Movement away from body’s  midline

Adduction

Movement toward body’s  midline

Circumduction

Movement at synovial  joint in which distal end  moves in circle and proximal end remains in one place

Rotation

Moving bone around its  own axis

Extension

Unbending movement around limb joint that increases angle between  bones of limb at joint (anterior)

Flexion

Bending movement around joint in limb that  decreases angle between  bones of limb at joint (anterior)

Plantar Flexion

Pointing foot down (pointing toe)

Dorsiflexion

Bending foot upwards

Muscle Contraction

Calcium ions are released into the cell causing filaments in the muscle fiber to contract

Fibrous

Doesn’t move at all

Cartilaginous

Moves a little

Synovial

Can move in any direction

Muscle rule #1

Muscles must have 2 attachments and must cross at least one joint

Muscle rule #2

Muscles always “pull” and get shorter

Muscle rule #3

The attachment that moves is insertion and the one that stays still is the origin

Muscle rule #4

Muscles work in opposing pairs

Muscle rule #5

Striations show direction of the pull

Muscle fiber (Myocyte)

Muscle cell wrapped in Endomysium (connective tissue)

Sarcolemma

Membrane surrounding muscle fibers receives and conducts stimuli

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Epimysium

Surrounds the entire muscle with a tough layer of connective tissue

3 types of muscular tissue

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

Perimysium

The connective tissue that surrounds the fascicles

Myofibril

Bundles of proteins in a muscle cell

Muscles are named by

Location, function, shape, size, direction of fibers, and number of heads

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers

Muscle fiber

Individual muscle cell

Brachialis OIA

O:Distal half of anterior humerus

I: Coronoid process of the ulna

A: Flexes the elbow

Triceps medial head OIA

O: Posterior surface of the humerus

I: Olecranon of the ulna

A: Extends the elbow

Pectoralis Major OIA

O: Clavicle, sternum, and cartilage of the first ribs

I: Greater tubercle of the humerus

A: Adducts, medially rotates, and Flexes the shoulder

Pectoralis Minor OIA

O: Ribs 3-5

I: Coracoid process of the scapula

A: Stabilizes the scapula

External Intercostals

Elevates ribs during inhalation

Internal intercostals

Depresses ribs during exhalation

Ball and Socket joint

Hip and shoulders

Pivot Joint

Between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Hinge joint

Elbow (Movement in 1 direction)

Saddle joint

Between carpal bones (wrists) and metacarpal bone (thumb)

Plane joint

Tarsal bones (ankles)

Condyloid joint

Between radius and carpal bones of wrist

3 examples of a Hinge Joint

Knees, Elbows, and Phalanges

What is #1

Synovial Membrane

What is #2

Joint cavity

What is #3

Fibrous Capsule

What is #4

Articular Cartilage

Gonimeter

Used to measure the range of motion

Range of Motion (ROM)

the extent or limit to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point

Tendon

band of tissue that connects muscle to bone

Ligament

elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint

Cartilage

Cartilage is soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement

Valgus Test

Assess the integrity of the collateral ligament of the knee

Varus Test

Assess the integrity of the lateral collateral ligament

Axillary

Armpit

Calcaneal

Heel

Coxal

Tailbone

cephalic

head

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

olecranal

elbow

popliteal

behind knee

sacral

hip bone

thoracic

chest cavity