Cultural History of the Philippines

What is agrarian reform in the Philippines?

Redistribution of agricultural land to empower poor farmers and reduce inequality.

What was the land ownership system during the Pre-Spanish Era in the Philippines?

Land was communal and governed by the barangay system.

How was land controlled during the Spanish Era in the Philippines?

Land was controlled by the Spanish crown and friars, exemplified by the encomienda system.

What significant land reforms were introduced during the American Period in the Philippines?

Torrens land titling, the Homestead system, and tenancy acts such as the Rice Tenancy Act.

What was the impact of the Commonwealth Era on agrarian reform in the Philippines?

Agrarian inequality led to widespread uprisings.

What was the Hukbalahap and during which period did it emerge?

The Hukbalahap emerged during the Japanese Occupation and aimed to redistribute land.

What is RA 1199 and who enacted it?

RA 1199 is the Tenancy Act enacted during the Quirino administration.

What is the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) and which president implemented it?

CARP, enacted as RA 6657, was implemented by President Cory Aquino.

What were the main Spanish taxes during the colonial period?

Tributo (general tax), Sanctorum (funding for Christianization), Donativo de Zamboanga (war tax), Caja de Comunidad (local infrastructure), and Polo y Servicio (forced labor).

What was the significance of the 1884 reform in Spanish taxation?

The tribute was replaced by cedula personal and polo service was further reduced.

What are the main purposes of museums and historical sites in the Philippines?

To preserve culture, educate citizens, and promote national identity.

What challenges do museums and historical sites in the Philippines face?

Funding shortages, deterioration of artifacts, vandalism, and urban development.

What are some notable historical sites in the Philippines?

Aguinaldo Shrine, Rizal Shrine, Marcos Center, and Museum of Women of Malolos.

How is the culture of the Philippines characterized?

A fusion of East and West, combining indigenous and colonizer influences.

What is the predominant religion in the Philippines?

80% Roman Catholic, along with Islam, Protestantism, and Indigenous beliefs.

What are some traditional Filipino performing arts?

Traditional dances like Tinikling and Singkil, and music genres such as Kundiman and Kulintang.

What is the significance of the University of the Philippines (UP)?

Founded in 1908, it is a key institution in the Philippine education system.

What is the historical significance of Cagayan de Oro?

Inhabited around 350 AD, it became a mission center during the Spanish Era and a commercial hub during the American Era.

What notable event occurred at Makahambus Hill?

The Battle of Makahambus Hill, a Filipino victory during the American Era.

What is the focus of local history?

Local history focuses on specific towns or districts, utilizing local records and oral literature.

What are the challenges faced in documenting local history in the Philippines?

Lack of written sources in Visayas and Mindanao, and the need for inclusion of oral traditions.

What are some examples of cultural performances and indigenous practices in the Philippines?

Ati-atihan, Sinulog, Kadayawan, Babaylan rituals, Pintaflores, and Panagbenga.

What role does local history play in the broader national narrative?

It connects individuals to their roots and promotes community involvement in historical preservation.