Endocytosis, Cell Cycle, Metabolism, and Tissues - Review

Flashcards covering endocytosis/exocytosis, cell cycle phases, tumor biology, stem cells, cell death, metabolism (ATP, glycolysis, CAC, ETC), and epithelial tissue structure and gland types.

Endocytosis is movement of a substance the cell.

into

Exocytosis is the movement of substances the cell.

out of

The endocytosis process that engulfs droplets of liquid is called .

pinocytosis

The endocytosis process that engulfs solid particles is called .

phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves .

receptors

Transcytosis involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by .

exocytosis

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and maintains normal function is called .

interphase

The division of a nucleus is called .

mitosis

Division of cytoplasm is called .

cytokinesis

The correct order of mitotic phases is .

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Two types of tumors are and .

benign; malignant

Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can lead to .

cancer

The process of specialization of cells is called .

differentiation

A stem cell that can divide to form two new stem cells is called a .

stem cell

Programmed cell death is called .

apoptosis

Cell death from damage (not a normal process) is called .

necrosis

The two main energy-producing metabolic pathways are and .

anabolism; catabolism

Enzymes are protein that the rate of chemical reactions.

catalysts; increase

Enzymes are named with a common suffix .

ase

A rate-limiting enzyme is often regulated by feedback.

negative

A non-protein substance that activates an enzyme is a .

cofactor

An organic molecule that acts as a cofactor is a .

coenzyme

Loss of enzyme activity due to irreversible change is called .

denaturation

ATP stands for .

adenosine triphosphate

Glycolysis yields ATP per glucose molecule.

2

The citric acid cycle yields ATP per glucose molecule.

2

The electron transport chain yields ATP per glucose molecule.

28

Glycolysis is (anaerobic) and does not require oxygen.

anaerobic

Aerobic cellular respiration yields most of the ATP and requires .

oxygen

Final products of cellular respiration include , , , and .

carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and heat

Excess glucose can be stored as .

glycogen

Liver and muscle cells store the most (glycogen storage).

glycogen

The four major tissue types are , , , and .

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

The basement membrane is part of tissue.

epithelial

Epithelial tissue cells readily and injuries heal rapidly.

divide

Epithelial tissue is classified by and .

cell shape; number of cell layers

Flat, scale-like cells are called .

squamous

Cube-shaped cells are called .

cuboidal

Tall, column-like cells are called .

columnar

One layer of cells is called .

simple

Two or more layers of cells is called .

stratified

Appears layered but is not, due to cell height differences, is called epithelium.

pseudostratified

Simple squamous epithelium has layer(s) of flat cells.

one

Simple cuboidal epithelium has layer(s) of cube-shaped cells.

one

Simple columnar epithelium consists of layer of tall, elongated cells.

one

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium appears but is a single layer.

stratified

Stratified squamous epithelium has layers.

multiple

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium contains a protective layer of .

keratin

Transitional epithelium lines the and allows for .

urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra; stretching

Endocrine glands secrete into the (inside).

bloodstream or tissue

Exocrine glands secrete into that exit the surface.

ducts

A duct that does not branch is called .

simple

A duct that branches before the secretory portion is called .

compound

Secretory portions that are tube-like are .

tubular

Secretory portions that form flask-like sacs are .

alveolar

Glands that release products by exocytosis without losing cytoplasm are called glands.

merocrine

Glands that lose a small part of the cell during secretion are called glands.

apocrine

Glands that release the entire cell filled with product are called glands.

holocrine