psychopathology: bipolar models

biological perspective

-neurotransmitter activity: mania may be related to high norepinephrine activity along with low serotonin
-structure aand circuitry: basal ganglia and cerebellum

ion activity (biological)

improper transport of ions between in and out of neurons membrane

genetics (biological)

genetical biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorder

biological model treatment

mood stabilizing drugs: effective in treating mania alone or in combination with antipsychotics, lithium, prophylactic, and anti seizure medication
-adjunctive psychotherapy: individual, group, or family therapy ass an adjunct to mood stabilizing drugs it doubles the likelihood of continuing medication, reduces hospitalization, and improves social functioning