Psychology 2e Chapter 15

psychological disorder

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

etiology

cause of disease

atypical

deviated from normal

harmful dysfunction theory

defining a mental disorder as a dysfunctional biological mechanism that causes significant harm (distress/impairment) to the individual in their culture

DSM-5

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

ICD

international classification of diseases

supernatural

attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature

diathesis-stress model

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

anxiety disorders

characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety

specific phobia

Excessive, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety

agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

social anxiety disorder

extreme or persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations where the person could be negatively evaluated

safety behaviors

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks

panic attack

extreme fear or discomfort that peaks within 10 minutes

locus coruleus

brain's major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the fight or flight response

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive, uncontrollable and pointless worry and apprehension

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

body dysmorphic disorder

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

orbitofrontal cortex

area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making

PTSD

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

flashback

a vivid, involuntary re-experiencing of a past event, often traumatic, that feels like it's happening in the present moment, complete with intense emotions, sensations, and sensory details

mood disorders

characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states

depressive disorders

the group of disorders marked by unipolar depression

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

major depressive disorder

Depressed mood most of the day and/or diminished interest in almost all activities.

suicidal ideation

thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt

seasonal pattern

A pattern of the occurrence of a specific mental disorder in selected seasons of the year.

peripartum onset/postpartum

onset of major depressive episode during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

manic episode

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week

flight of ideas

rapidly changing or disjointed thoughts

hopelessness

a negative, pessimistic state characterized by the belief that one's situation won't improve, positive outcomes are impossible, and personal efforts won't change things

rumination

repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms

suicide

the intentional killing of oneself

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

hallucination

perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory ____ (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia

delusions

beliefs that have no basis in reality

paranoid delusions

involve the false belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person

grandiose delusions

beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important

somatic delusion

belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs

disorganized thinking

disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says

disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

unusual behaviors and movements

negative symptoms

noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions or drives

catatonic behaviors

decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

ventricles

fluid filled spaces within the brain; people with schizophrenia have enlarged _____

prodomal symptoms

a symptom indicating the onset of a disease; what happened before is a good predictor of what will happen next

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative amnesia

a person forgets that an event happened or loses awareness of a substantial block of time

dissassociative fugue

suddenly walking away from their home, experience confusion, and adopt a new identity

depersonalization/derealization disorder

a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

dissassociative identity disorder (DID)

multiple personality disorder; psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that control behavior

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

personality disorders

the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

antisocial personality disorder

shows no regard for other people's rights and feelings