neuro final

torque

F * r where r is the distance from crank to pedal

force transmission

r = cog, F = chain

propulsive force

equal and opposite reaction force (tire/ground)

force/power balance

propulsion = air + rolling resistance + gravity

absolute error

average |distance| from target

cycling power

F*V

constant error

average distance from target

variable error

standard deviation of constant error

skating power

AP GRF gain = wind loss + ice loss

mechanical power output

power loss to air resistance + power losses to ice friction

ice resistance

20% of loss

skating air resistance

80% of loss

Klap skates

allows plantar flexion, blade remains on ice, longer push

ergonomics

scientific study of human work

taylorism

scientific theory to match workers and jobs for efficiency

objectives of ergonomics

productivity, safety, job satisfaction

work system

human/worker, machine, environment

manual material handling

manipulating objects

musculoskeletal disorders

preventable injuries and disorders impacting the body’s movement or musculoskeletal system

margin of safety

the difference between the current tissue load and a level that will cause injury

hawthorne effect

people modify their behavior when they are being watched

healthcare weight

31 lbs

weight limit

51 lbs

structural anthropometry

how big are people

functional anthropometry

how do people interact with their environment

age related sensorimotor functions

vision, peripheral sensation, vestibular sense, integration/interaction/summation, muscular strength/power/endurance

internal perturbation

self generated

external perturbation

surface movement

central bottleneck theory

multiple stimuli, processing all is impossible so we prioritize

leukoaraiosis

white matter hyperintensities, lesions and composition change in brain

biorobotics

robots that simulate living organisms, biological designs as robots, robotic elements in organism

biorobotic devices

train, influence, replace, and mimic neuromuscular behavior

upper limb robots

train reaching, grasping and manipulation

rehabilitation

train new behavioral pattern, induce motor learning

assistance

reduce metabolic cost, and muscle contribution

osseointegration

prosthetic with direct connection to the bone, high maintenance due to breaks and infection

myoelectric prosthetic

“mind control” useful for open ended volitional control

event based prosthetic

periodic movement, useful for motions like walking

bike balance

gyroscopic effect of wheels, self steering

constant velocity downhill

propulsion is equal to air + rolling + parallel gravity

forces acting on skater

GRF, wind, gravitational, ice resistance

kinetics

result of motion

kinematics

study of motion

top three fall risks

trip, poor balance, slip

cautious gait

increased variability, cadence, and step width lower step/stride length, and swing/double support time

postural sway causes

muscle strength, peripheral sensation, vision, reaction time

angular power

torque * angular velocity

labels for pedal cycle

y = NM x = Crank angle (degrees) /pedal cycle

angular velocity

degrees per rotation/seconds per rotation

if tires are deflated then

rolling resistance increases, air and gravity resistance decreases