Disorders and Treatment - Unit 5 Chapter 12/13

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

ataque de nervios

people become hysterical, exhibiting violence and sometimes not even remembering the event

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

autism spectrum disorder

a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted interests

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

biopsychosocial and medical model

holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

bipolar 1/2 disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

cognitive approach

According to this approach, behavior is a result of information processing, such as perception, memory, thought, judgment, and decision making

humanist approach

focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

eclectic approach

made up of a variety of sources or styles

behavioral approach

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we learn observable responses

biological approach

An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals

psychodynamic approach

an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness-motives that can also produce emotional disorders

comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

deviation

departure or wandering away from the accepted standard

dysfunction

abnormal functioning, as of an organ of the body

distress

negative stress

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

disorganized (thinking, motor, speech-word salad)

disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

dissociative identify disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

dopamine hypothesis

the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine

flashbacks

feel like in trauma, memories seem to happen in the here and now, reexperiencing traumatic memroy

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

genderalized anxiety disorder

Severe, ongoing anxiety that interferes with daily activities.

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

hoarding disorder

a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items

hypervigilance

state of ongoing anxiety in which the person is constantly tense and alert for threats

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

international classification of mental disorders

global categorization system for physical and mental illnesses published by the World Health Organization (WHO)

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

maladaptive learned associations

associations between or among responses to stimuli that interfere with an individual's activities of daily living or ability to adjust to and participate in particular settings.

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

phobias

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

posttraumatic stress disorder

an anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

schizophrenic spectrum disorders

severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations

schizotypal personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

social anxiety disorders

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

somatic symptom disorders

the set of psychological disorders in which a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms or health concerns

specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events

stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

tajin kyofusho

a fear that one could offend others through eye contact, blushing, perceived body deformation, or bad odor.

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

antianziety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressants

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression

antipsychotic medications

Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics.

applied behavior analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

aversion therapies

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Benzodiazepines

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

biomedical approach

an approach to psychological disorders that considers only pathophysiological causes and offers pharmaceutical and medical solutions for symptom alleviation

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

cognitive behavioral therapy

a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies

cognitive restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

cognitive triad

negative thoughts about self, situation, and the future

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

cultural humility

process that requires humility as individuals continually engage in self-reflection and self-critique as lifelong learners and reflective practitioners

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

dialectical behavior therapy

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder

dream interpretation

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

empty chair

A vehicle for the technique of role reversal, which is useful in bringing into consciousness the fantasies of what the "other" might be thinking or feeling.

evidence based interventions

treatments that have been found to be effective on the basis of valid and reliable research studies

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system

fear hierarchies

feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones.

flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

hierarchy of fears

A series of feared events ranked from least frightening to most frightening

humanistic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

lesioning

removal or destruction of part of the brain

lithium

medication used to treat bipolar disorder

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

nonmaleficence

duty to do no harm

person centered therapy

a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens

psychodynamic perspective

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts