CAM 12 TEST 2,3 READING PARAPHASE

only apply to food production

distinguish food production from other productive activities

Characteristics

every single person needs food each day/ hugely dependent on nature

Challenges

adverse environments, both natural and human …..

Only in certain parts

in developing countries

Financial assistance from the government

State subsidies

Not always go to the farmers

60% of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor

Collaborating as a group

Collective action

Farmers can benefit

Strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, reduce business risks

Financial assistance from the government

Public welfare programmes

Improve the standard of living of farmers

Address poverty, reduce their vulnerability

Financial input by the same individuals who buy from them

Selling directly to consumers

Farmers may be helped

Farmers can gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility

Variation in prices

Wild swings in food prices

Reduce

Mitigate

Improvements to infrastructure

Providing basic services like roads or water and food storage facilities

A major impact on risk

Significantly reduce risks

affect farmers with small farms

increase smallholder vulnerability; taking advantage of farmers' vulnerability, dictate prices

change weather patterns

climate change

sell to intermediary buyers

the presence of intermediary purchasers

Aim

Goal

A new route

A track had recently been blasted down

Lack of enthusiasm

less than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill, without having the least expectation

dramatic

vivid

description

describe

Publish his theory

Break the story

A common belief

An idea which has gained wide acceptance

Went to South America

Arrived in South America

In search of

Locate

Understood the significance

< not realize the extent or the importance

Observe

Study

Select certain object

Pick up a marker

Engage both language simultaneously

Activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong

Name colour

Name the colour of the word's font

Be more able to handle tasks

Perform better on tasks

Involving …

Requiring …

Switching between tasks

Switching between two tasks

Superior

Better

In recent years

Over the past few decades

Changed

In the past .. be at a disadvantage …however, .. clear benefits of being bilingual

Name images faster

< Name pictures more slowly

simple speech sounds

single sounds

brain stem responses

brains process single sounds

considerably larger, reflecting better encoding

more efficiently

without any intervening background noise/in the presence of background noise

in all situations

Older bilinguals

in old age

Alzheimer's disease

brain disease

brain stem responses

brains respond

simple speech sounds

non-verbal auditory input

seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes

bilingual upbringing

benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early

has benefits even before we learn to speak

sequential order

process

guess what that word might be

identify words that they hear

difficulties

negative consequences

Populate

Home to the giant Galapagos tortoise, settle on, adapt to the environment, grew to become the largest tortoises…

Developments to the disadvantage

exploitation grow exponentially; exploitation was then exacerbated, … hunted the tortoises and destroyed their habitat, …. prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat

The start

Work began

Conservation project

Protecting the island's tortoise populations

Timing right

If people wait too long after that point, the tortoises eventually become too large to transport

A bigger idea

More ambitious reintroduction

Young

The juvenile tortoises

Meet

Came across

Old

A fully grown giant

not …totally eliminated

re-emerging

an acceptance

an increasingly important area of study

Physical conditions

Asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues

Human behavior

Cars being driver, factories that run on coal power ….

classifying diseases

categorizing illnesses, diseases and epidemics

how far they extend geographically

into local and global scales.

reasons

social classes, income brackets, and levels of education

level of access to healthcare

availability (of lack thereof) of healthcare resources

vary

a very large discrepancy

Mixture

Combination

The type of area

High-altitude deserts

A particular illness

Malaria

Are

Much less of a problem

have disappeared

have been eradicated

improvement

better

more contact between people

come into contact with one another

lose their usefulness

become resistant to …..

disease-causing mosquitos

mosquitos that can give people this disease

hot, damp region

warm and damp environment

burn a particular fuel

run on coal power

Release dopamine

The production of dopamine

Two of the parts of the brain

Dorsal and ventral regions of the brain

Be associated with

Have long been linked with

Feeling pleasure

The experience of pleasure

Particularly active

At their most active

Just before

Around 15 seconds before …

Be associated with

Involved in

The expectation

Anticipating

neuron activity increases

neurons were at their most active.

prior to key points in a musical piece

15 seconds before favourite moments

Small numbers / Taken on ships

A few / Took on board

Very large numbers / Taken onto whaling ships

This exploitation grows exponentially / Be taken on board these ships

Used to produce

Be processed into …

Habitat destruction / For the establishment of agriculture / Not native to the islands

Destroy their habitat / to clear land for agriculture / introduced alien species

Fed on / Baby tortoises

prey on / young tortoises