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Forms of Composites
sheet
particle
fiber
matrix
Matrix
the material that surrounds and binds together the reinforcement materials in a composite
Pultrusion
a manufacturing process where reinforcing fibers are saturated with resin and pulled through a heated die
Lamination
the process of manufacturing materials in multiple layers (eg. applying thin layers of plywood in a mould to create a desired shape)
Engineered Wood
composite materials made from strands, particles, or veneers of wood (eg. MDF, particle/chipboard, plywood, laminated veneer timber/LVL)
MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)
a type of engineered wood made from wood fibers and resin
Kevlar
a composite that can be woven into fabric or combined with resin, and it has a high-strength to weight ratio
Fiberglass
a composite material made from glass fibers encased in resin, good strength to weight ratio
Batch Production
manufacturing set quantities of products at one time, allowing for some customer choice
Mass Production
the manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products on the production line
Mass Customization
manufacturing products to individual consumer orders but on a large scale
Additive Techniques
manufacturing processes that add material to create a product (eg. laminated object manufacturing, stereolithography, 3D printing/fused deposition modelling)
Subtractive Techniques
manufacturing that removes material to create a product (laser cutting, sawing, drilling, boring, planing, CNC router, CNC milling machine, metal/wood lathe, sanding, filling)
CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
manufacturing using computer controlled machine tools (moves in XYZ movements)
Design for Manufacture
designing products to optimize the manufacturing process and capabilities
Moulding/Spray-Up
an open mould where both resin and reinforcements are sprayed directly onto the mould
Particle Board
wood chips or sawdust encased in resin (used for cheap flatpack furniture)
LVL vs Plywood
plywood has gain at 90 degrees, LVL does not
Composite Advantages
high strength to weight ratio
high tensile strength
stronger than initial components
corrosion and chemical resistant
Composite Disadvantages
expensive
special manufacturing required
weak in compression
air bubbles in matrix can cause weak spots
cannot be recycled
One-Off Production
only one individual specialized product is produced
One-Off Production Advantages
unique
high quality
workers are motivated
One-Off Production Disadvantages
labor intensive
prices are higher
production take sa long time
no EOS
Batch Production Advantages
unit costs are lower
some consumer choice
can achieve EOS
easy to adjust to market demand
good for small companies
Batch Production Disadvantages
goods have to be stored
down time in production when retooling
Mass Production Advantages
minimal labor costs
can achiever EOS
huge quantity produces
production line is running 24/7
Batch Production Disadvantages
machinery is expensive
production stops for repairs
Mass Customization Advantages
minimal labor costs
customer can choose colors/style/appearance
high quality products
efficient production
Mass Customization Disadvantages
machinery is expensive
not as quick as mass production
production stops when repairs are made
Shaping Techniques (moulding)
injection, extrusion
Shaping Techniques (thermoforming)
vacuum forming, stripheater, line bending, convection oven
Shaping Techniques (casting)
sand, die
Shaping Techniques (yarn)
knitting, weaving, felting, lacemaking
Joining Techniques (permanent)
welding, fusing, brazing, soldering, pop riveting, cold rivets
Joining Techniques (temporary)
screws, rivets, bolts, pins, clips, nails, gluing
Strip Heater
heats only a narrow strip of acrylic to allow local bending
Oven Heating
complex acrylic shaping requires an oven for heating to at least 150ºC
Pop Riveting
a pop rivet pin is pulled through the rivet and is deformed slightly, joining the pieces
Cold Rivet
the rivet is placed through the holes and hammered to create a joint
Craft Production
small scale production focused on manual skills
Craft Production Advantages
locally based
high valued products
customizable products
flexible
higher status
Craft Production Disadvantages
high costs
no EOS
lots of time/effort
slow production
Mechanized Production
process involving machines controlled by humans
Mechanized Production Advantages
achieve EOS
fewer human errors
repetitive tasks are done by machines
less time to produce goods
Mechanized Production Disdvantages
work conditions are poor
repetitive strain injuries
high cost of machinery and training
minimal consumer choice
low job satisfaction
pollution
Automated Production Advantages
eliminates human error
build in quality control
minimizes waste
consistent output
reduction of labor costs
EOS
adaptable systems
machines work 24/7
Automated Production
process involving machines controlled by computers
Automated Production Disadvantages
high capital cost
training costs
machines take human jobs, causing unemployment
Assembly Line Production
products are moved continuously along a conveyor and components are added at each work station
4 Types of Design for Manufacture
design for materials
design for process
design for assembly
design for disassembly
Ways to Design for Manufacture
reduce number of parts
develop modular design (reduces number of different manufacturing activities)
use standardized components
design parts for multi-use (used in different products)
design parts to be multi-functionsl (need fewer parts)
design for ease of fabrication
avoid separate fasteners
assemble in one direction (eg. add parts from above)
minimize handling
Single Task Robot
a robot who performs one task within a work envelope
First Generation Robot
simple mechanical arm with the ability to make precise motion at high speed (requires human supervision)
Second Generation Robot
robots equipped with sensors that provide information about surroundings (does not require total human supervision)
Machine to Machine Robot (M2M)
a team of robots that communicate between each other
Third Generation Robots
autonomous robots that can operate without any human supervision
Robot Advantages
improve health and safety
high accuracy
reduced waste and errors
perform repetitive and dangerous tasks
work 24/7
programmable and flexible
Robot Disadvantages
experts needed to operate robots
high capital cost
training required for operation and maintenance