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Franz Ferdinand

Archduke who was a heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne, assassinated. This assassination set in motion events that were significant factors in the start of World War I.

Sarajevo

An administration center of the Bosnian provenance of the Austrian Empire, The same location where Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated, leading up to the start of World War I

Western Front

A major location where combat took place during World War I between mainly Germany, France, and British forces. Millions of casualties occurred in the midst of French warfare and stalemates.

Nicholas II

Tsar of Russia who poorly commanded soldiers and forcefully suppressed peasant revolts and political opposition. Resisted constitutional government and lost an absurd amount of lives

Gallipoli

A Peninsula south of Instanbul that was also the site of the 1915 Turkish victory against Australia and New Zealand. The allies sided with Britain were faced with a costly defeat and Turkish nationalism strengthened

Armenian genocide

An assault against the Christian Armenian minority carried out by mostly Turkish military forces. Killed over a million people and was an attempt for Turkish leaders to cover up their poor leadership.

Eastern Front

A very mobile front established during World War I with Germany advancing quickly after Russia’s tsarist government downfall. German advance eventually slowed with low stamina and American interference.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany who pushed the myth that Jewish people sabotaged Germany during the Great War. Would create aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II and the mass genocide of the Jewish and other minority populations.

Georges Clemenceau

The French premier who pushed for financial reparations from Germany during the Versailles conference of 1919. Forced Germany into a financial turmoil as they lose both territory and resources.

David Lloyd George

British prime minister who failed to lessen the impact of Georges Clemenceau’s reparations because of the fear of Germany having a communist revolution.

self-determination

A right that people have to choose their political system and its leaders in their region.

League of Nations

A government organization established after World War I during the Treaty of Versailles. American leaders created and supported it to maintain world peace and prevent world conflicts, but America opted out and didn’t contribute to helping it succeed.

National Congress Party

Regional associations of Western-educated Indians became a political party focusing on a nationalistic movement. Led Indians to independence.

B.G. Tilak

Indian leader who believed that nationalism should be based on Hindu values. Offended other religious groups such as Muslims, creating more division and tension.

Morley-Minto reforms

Reforms that gave educated Indians the ability to vote and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils. A significant step towards political development in American. Leading to future reforms.

Rowlatt Act

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights like the freedom of the press. Increased local protests and revolt.

Mohandas Gandhi

An emerging leader following the establishment of the Rowlatt Act. Forged localized protest and created an all-India campaign to combat policies of the colonial overlords.

satyagraha

A strategy utilizing nonviolent protests such as boycotts and strikes developed by Gandhi. Effectively weakened British control and would later influence American forms of protest.

Lord Cromer

British consult general in khedival Egypt. Rushed for economic reforms that were only able to reduce the debts of the Khedival regime.

effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban tunnels in khedival Egypt. Main supporters of the Egyptian independence movement

Dinshawai incident

A confrontation between the British and their Egyptian subjects. Britain’s racial arrogance and excessive response significantly decreased Egyptian support of the British.

Ataturk

Also known as Mustafa Kenal, a leader of the Turkish republic, successfully rallied Turkish forces, and drove back the Greek armies. Reformed the Turkish nation using Western models.

Hussein

Sharif of Mecca who used British promises of independence to convince the Arabs to support British conflicts against the Turks. Britain did not keep its promises, humiliating the Arabs.

Hussein

Sharif of Mecca who used British promises of independence to convince the Arabs to support British conflicts against the Turks. Britain did not keep its promises, humiliating the Arabs.

Mandates

Territories that acted as European colonies established by the League of Nations. These boundaries were set in a way that causes trouble in regions like Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon even today.

Zionism

A movement originating in Eastern Europe that argued that Jewish people must return to their Middle Eastern Holy Land in Palestine.

Balfour Declaration

A pledge made by Lord Balfour, the British foreign secretary who promised that Jewish homeland would be established in Palestine after the war. Fed Zionist dreams and led to the creation of several organizations that further promoted Zionism.

Leon Pinsker

A Zionist Jewish intellectual who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European lands was impossible. Further promoted Zionism as the amount of Jewish people migrating to Palestine greatly increased.

Theodor Herzl

An established Austrian journalist and Zionist. Formed the World Zionist Organization and further promoted Jewish migration to Palestine.

Alfred Dreyfus

A French Jewish officer who was falsely accused of passing military secrets to Germany, was harassed by French mobs and later exiled. This even became a point of debate between the left and right sectors in France for the following years.

World Zionist Organizations

Created by Theodor Herzl along with Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine until a Zionist state was established called Israel. Greatly increased Jewish presence and also European attempts to limit Jewish migration.

Wafd party

Formed by Sa’d Zaghul. it provided the nationalists with a focus for unified action and a mass base, however, was rejected at the Versailles treaty.

Sa’d Zaghul

Hard driving leader and creator of the Wafd party. His negotiations with the British led to limited Egyptian independence.

Marcus Gravey

Charismatic African American political leader who had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders 1920-1930

W.E.B. Du Bois

One of the most influential African intellectuals and spokesmen of his time. Shed light on racism in America, becoming the foundation of civil rights movements in the United States and African resistance.

Pan-African

A movement dedicated to establishing independence for African nations. Ended up also cultivating unity among Black communities globally

negritude

A literary movement formed by educated African students in France made to combat racial stereotyping. Laid the groundwork for black pride and future improvements.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

A writer apart of the negritude movement. Celebrated the beauty of black skin and the African physique to go against anti-black beauty standards.

Cubist movement

A twentieth-century art style led by Pablo Picasso in which familiar objects were rendered as geometrical shapes. Represented the departure from traditional art and the take take over of abstract art.

Benito Mussolini

An Italian fascist leader who was a socialist that formed the fascio de combattimento, which was the first fascist government. Aggressive foreign policy and nationalism quickly followed suite.

fascism

A political philosophy that dominated Italy and Germany, characterized by authoritarianism, militarism, and forcible suppression. Attacked democracy, capitalism, etc

syndicalism

A revolutionary movement in which ownership and control of the means of production should be distributed to worker’s unions. A major military force in Latin American politics.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator president of Mexico who had made extreme economic changes to military and railroad systems. These advancements also led to a corrupt political system and unbearable working conditions for laborers while the elite minority dominated amongst the regions of Mexico.

Francisco Madero

A wealthy opponent to Porfirio Diaz’s reign who believed that moderate democratic political reforms solved social tensions and unrest. Called for a revolt after being unfairly arrested and gained power, but was soon assassinated by other revolutionaries.

Pancho Villa

Former bandit and able commander who successfully removed Porfiro Diaz from power. Started the rebellion in Northern Mexico

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary who commanded the peasant-based guerrilla movement in the Southern province of Mexico. Quickly rose and was the assassinator of Francisco Madero.

Victoriano Huerta

A general who reestablished a centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero. He was forced from power by Villa and Zapata.

Alvaro Obregon

An able general who emerged as a leader of the Mexican government. Utilized new military trench tactics to emerge as a new leader.

Mexican Constitution of 1917

A constitution that promised land reforms, limited foreign ownerships of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and also placed restrictions on education. Marked the end of the Mexican revolution.

Diego Rivera

An artist during the period following the Mexican Revolution who was famous for his murals on public buildings, containing both Christian and Marxist symbols. This Mexican movement had a wide impact on artists throughout Latin America

Jose Clemente Orozco

An artist during the period following the Mexican Revolution, like Diego Rivera his art American Indian imagery with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Cristeros

Conservative peasant movement in Mexico backed by the church and conservative politicians to stop secularization. Resulted in armed violence against the US forces.

Alexander Kerensky

Russian liberal revolutionary leader who sought the development of parliamentary rule and religious freedom. At the time, liberalism wasn’t deeply rooted in Russia and the nation was very weary of liberal values overall.

Red Army

A military organization constructed under the leadership of Leon Trotsky and used people of humble backgrounds. An important source of strength for Russia at the time.

New economic policy

Issued by Lenin and promised considerable freedom of action for small business owners and peasant land owners. Resulted in food production recovering and the fortification of communist systems.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

A nation established in various ethnic regions of Russia that was firmly controlled by the Communist Party. The new nations policies directly declined the nations profits.

Supreme Soviet

Parliament of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, which was elected by universal suffrage (controlled by the communist party). The Soviet political system was a developing monopoly that was quickly becoming authoritarian.

Joseph Stalin

Successor to Lenin, emerged as an undisputed leader of the Soviet state. Represented an extremely nationalist version of communism, committed to developing this time of communism mainly in Russia.

Comintern

International office of communism under the U.S.S.R that was established to create communist parties outside of Russia. Stalin did not fully commit to this.

collectivization

A program developed by Joseph Stalin to accelerate industrial development while attacking peasant land ownership. Millions of victims died to slaughter or starvation.

Yuan Shikai

A warlord in Northern China following the fall of the Qing dynasty who wanted to seize the vacated Mandu throne. Had the best chance of unifying China, but was forced to resign due to Japanese invasions.

May Fourth Movement

A political movement that aimed to transform China into a liberal democracy and adopt Western democratic ideals. These ideas were spread throughout China and radical solutions were on the rise.

Li Dazhao

Chinese intellectual who called for a reworking of Marxist ideology to fit China’s situation, emphasizing the peasants instead of their small working class. Influenced revolutionary leaders such as Mao Zedong.

Mao Zedong

A communist leader and theorist who led the nationalist revolution and led communist reaction in China. Emphasized peasant involvement and mass mobilization while opposing elitism and intellectualism.

Guomindang

The nationalist party of China that aimed to establish a strong central government and alleviate poverty. Their inability to properly address these issues led to the rise of communism in China.

Whampoa Military Academy

A military wing that was founded with Soviet assistance and was partially staffed by Russian instructors. Nationalist’s military direction greatly improved their political maneuvering.

Chiang Kai-shek

A young ambitious military officer who was the head of the Whampoa Military Academy. Reluctantly worked with the communists. later his nationalist forces were then defeated by then.

Long March

Communist escape from Hunan province during the civil war with Guomindang. This led to the center of the Communist Part being moved to the Shanxi province and the establishment of Mao Zedong as the leader of the Communist Party.

Great Depression

An international economic crisis following WWI, which started with the collapse of the American state market and agricultural prices, leading to mass unemployment and deflation world wide.

Popular Front

A political coalition of liberal, socialist, and communist parties in France to respond to the Great Depression with social reforms and to counter rightist movements. Caused a significant shift in French politics once this coalition won the election.

New Deal

A series of programs and policies was introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the great depression. Led to rapid government growth and prevented extremist movements, but did not fully resolve the great depression.

Totalitarian State

A political system where the government holds absolute control over all aspects of public and private life. Suppresses all opposing ideals, monopolizes power, controls information, and Hitler installed loyal Nazis on many ports throughout Germany

Gestapo

The secret police in Nazi Germany. Used brutal tactics to arrest hundreds of thousands of political opponents.

Spanish Civil War

A conflict in Spain between a fascist military-backed authoritarian state and a parliamentary republic. The fascist party won after three years, establishing a 25 year long authoritarian regime in Spain.

Import substitution

A policy that protected local manufacturing with high tariffs against imports in domains like automobiles. Gradually furthered industrial development over time.

corporatism

A corporatist movement aimed at curbing capitalism, which emphasized the organic nature of society where the state is the mediator. Shared similarities with aspects of fascism and capitalism.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico who made significant land reforms such as the distribution of land, creation of credit-sustained communal farms, and created a state oil monopoly. These reforms gave a lot of substance to the promise of a revolution.

Getulio Vargas

Elected president of Brazil who launched a centralized political program by imposing federal administrations over state government. Imposed a constitution based on fascist Italy, leaning more towards communism.

Juan D. Peron

A military leader in Argentina who became a dominant political figured, appealed to working-class groups and the poor. Became president got exiled and became president again

Five-year plans

Centralized economic and social development programs. Implemented by governments to achieve economic goals such as rapid industrialization, agricultural productivity, etc.

Socialist realism

A form of art under Stalinism where artists were forced to idealized workers, soldiers, and peasants. People who strayed from producing this form of art were exiled as punishment.

Politburo

Executive committee of the Soviet communist party. Set policies and implemented them across the Soviet Union.

National Socialist party

Nazi party led by Hitler in Germany that promised to increase jobs, restore political stabilities, and create a remilitarization program. Captured a largely increasing amount of votes following the political turmoil of the Great Depression.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister who predicted that another war was inevitable considering Hitler’s extreme political ambitions. Was kept away from power by voters who couldn’t stomach another world war.

blitzkrieg

A form of German strategy called lightning warfare involving the rapid penetration of enemy territory using tanks, mechanized troop carriers, bombers, aircraft, and backup infantry. Resulted in German victories over Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and the Polish during World War II.

Vichy

A city containing a Nazi puppet regime in the South of France following its loss to Germany. Established a French collaborationist government.

Battle of Britain

The 1940s Nazi air offensive in which bombs saturated London and other major British cities, however were successfully countered b British tactics and radar tracking technology. This even boosted the morale of British citizens and Winston Churchill for his great leadership.

Holocaust

Hitler’s massive and systematic genocide of European Jews and other minorities who didn’t fit the idea of pure Aryan whites. Murdered 12 million people with half of them being Jewish.

Battle of Bulge

Hitler’s last-ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies that came from the West and the Red army coming from the East. Though Germany successfully prevented the air attacks from the Allies, the German advance was eventually halted and pushed back.

Pearl Harbor

Japan’s surprise attack on a U.S naval base in Hawaii using battleships and aircraft in order to prevent Western interference with its expansion towards South East Asia. Killed thousands of Americans and temporarily neutralized the American pacific fleet, though it led to America officially declaring war on Japan

Battle of the Coral Sea

A standoff between the United States naval and airforce sectors against the Japanese during World War II. Ended as a draw and halted Japanese advance during Australia while also weakening the Japanese fleet, leading to future American victory at Midway Island.

Midway Island

A pacific battle between the US and Japan where the US achieved a decisive victory over the already weakened Japanese fleet. It gave the allies a huge advantage, leading to their assault on a Pacific Island fortress that protected the Japanese homeland.

United Nations

An international organization formed in the aftermath of World War II by the victorious Allies to provide a forum for negotiating disputes. It had a vital role in reducing violent countries and shaping global polices.

Tehran Conference

A meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943 who agreed to invade Nazi-occupied France. Allowed Soviet forces to advance through Eastern Europe, gaining control and pushing back Nazis.

Yalta Conference

A settlement following the Tehran Conference where leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria. Disputed the division of political organization in the Eastern European states that were established following World War Ii.

Potsdam Conference

The final postwar settlement among leaders of US, Britain, and the Soviet Union were the allies agreed on Soviet domination in Eastern Europe. German and Austrian territory was to be divided amongst the allies.

Total war

A concept that was especially prevalent during the two World Wars, involving the complete mobilization of a nation’s resources and people to support the war efforted. Blurred the line between military and civilian roles. Economically devasting and had long term consequences, sacrificing resources and people.

Atlantic Charter of 1941

World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain that included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live. Indicated sympathy for decolonization.