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What were the basic beliefs of Islam as established by Muhammad?

Belief in one god

What significant event in Muhammad's life occurred around 610 CE?

He had a profound religious experience where he believed he received messages from the archangel Gabriel.

What is the Quran and how was it created?

The Quran is the holy book of Islam

What are hadiths?

Collections of sayings attributed to Muhammad and stories about him

What conflict arose in Mecca due to Muhammad's teachings?

Muhammad's teachings about one god and condemnation of greed threatened the ruling elites' economic interests tied to polytheism.

What was the Ka'ba and its significance in Mecca?

A cube-shaped building housing a large black rock

What event marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar?

The Hijra

What does the term 'Umma' refer to in the context of early Islam?

The community of the faithful organized by Muhammad in Medina

Who were the Sufis and what is significant about them?

Sufis are Islamic mystics known for their spiritual practices and emphasis on personal experience of God.

What was the impact of Islamic scholars on mathematics and science?

Islamic scholars made significant contributions to mathematics and science

How did Islamic beliefs and practices influence political systems from 1200-1450?

Islamic beliefs shaped governance structures

What were the major Islamic states that rose from 1200 to 1450?

The Abbasid Caliphate

What role did the House of Wisdom play in Islamic society?

It was a major intellectual center in Baghdad where scholars gathered to translate and study texts

What is Dar al-Islam and its significance?

Dar al-Islam refers to regions where Islam is the dominant religion

What was the relationship between Islam and Spain during this period?

Islamic influence in Spain led to a rich cultural exchange

What were the causes of the rise of Islamic states from 1200 to 1450?

Factors included military conquests

How did Islamic beliefs and practices influence society from 1200-1450?

Islamic beliefs shaped social structures

What were the social organizations in Islamic societies during this time?

Islamic societies were organized around religious

What impact did Islamic scholars have on literature?

Islamic scholars contributed to literature through poetry

What were the two major issues that led to conflict in Mecca regarding Muhammad's teachings?

The rejection of polytheism and the condemnation of greed

What was Muhammad's role in Medina after the Hijra?

He became the leader of the Umma

What title did Muhammad refer to himself as

indicating his role in the Abrahamic faiths?

What significant event did Muhammad arrange in 629 CE regarding Mecca?

He arranged to return to Mecca for the annual pilgrimage to the Ka'ba.

What happened in 630 CE during Muhammad's return to Mecca?

He attacked and conquered the city of Mecca.

What actions did Muhammad take regarding the elites of Mecca after his conquest?

He forced them to adopt his faith and imposed a government dedicated to Allah.

What did Muhammad do to pagan shrines in Mecca?

He destroyed them and replaced them with mosques.

What was the significance of the black rock in the Ka'ba after Muhammad's reforms?

It was preserved as a symbol of Mecca's greatness

What pilgrimage practice did Muhammad establish for Muslims in 632 CE?

The pilgrimage to the Ka'ba (Hajj) as a practice for all devout Muslims.

What were the Five Pillars of Islam?

1. Acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet. 2. Pray daily facing Mecca. 3. Fast during Ramadan. 4. Contribute alms for the poor. 5. Undertake Hajj once in a lifetime if able.

What was the immediate consequence of Muhammad's death in 632 CE regarding leadership?

There were no guidelines for succession

Who was selected as the first caliph after Muhammad's death?

Abu Bakr

What roles did Abu Bakr assume as caliph?

He acted as head of state

What characterized the Islamic armies in the century following Muhammad's death?

They were strong due to being made up of previously competing tribes.

What led to the division between Shia and Sunni Muslims?

Disagreements over the succession of leadership after Muhammad's death.

Who did Shia Muslims support as caliphs?

The cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and his descendants.

What unique practices did Shia Muslims develop?

They created their own doctrine and celebrated holy days in honor of their leaders or martyrs.

How were Sunni Muslims originally viewed in relation to Shia Muslims?

They were seen as traditionalists.

What significant political change occurred in 661 CE?

The Umayyad dynasty came to power

What was the Umayyad dynasty's background?

They were the most prominent merchant class in Mecca.

What was the capital of the Umayyad Dynasty?

Damascus

What was a key feature of the Umayyad Dynasty's governance?

Tightly centralized rule favoring Arabs for administrative roles.

What was the status of non-Muslims in the Umayyad Empire?

They could follow any religion but had to pay jizya if they did not convert to Islam.

What led to the decline of the Umayyad Dynasty in the 8th century?

Devotion to luxury and excess.

What was the main belief of Sufis regarding Islamic civilization?

They believed it deviated from the purer spirituality of Muhammad's time.

What did Sufis reject in their spiritual practices?

The material world.

What was the role of the ulama in the Abbasid Dynasty?

They were learned officials who set moral standards and resolved disputes based on the Quran and Sharia.

What was the significance of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

It was a major public academy and intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age.

What characterized the agricultural society of dar al-Islam?

Peasants tilled the land while manufacturers and merchants supported the urban economy.

How did the Umayyad and Abbasid empires impact trade?

They created vast zones of trade

What innovations in agriculture emerged during the Islamic empires?

Methods of irrigation

What was al-Andalus?

Islamic Spain

What were some achievements of the city of Cordoba in the 10th century?

It had lighted public roads

What rights did Arab women have in pre-Islamic Arabia?

They could legally inherit property

What did the Quran say about female infanticide?

It outlawed female infanticide and portrayed women as equal and honorable.

What was the role of qadis in the Abbasid Dynasty?

They heard cases at law and rendered decisions based on the Quran and Sharia.

What was the impact of increased agricultural production in the Islamic world?

It led to the rapid growth of cities and flourishing markets.

What types of goods were produced in urban centers during the Islamic empires?

Textiles

What was a notable feature of trade networks in the Islamic world?

They were elaborate and connected the Islamic world over land and sea.

How did the Umayyad Dynasty address succession issues?

They created a dynasty that solved the succession issues.

What was the Arab military aristocracy's role in the Umayyad Empire?

Members of the elite were selected as governors of conquered lands.

What was the significance of the jizya tax in the Umayyad Empire?

It was a tax paid by non-Muslims who did not convert to Islam.

What was the relationship between Sufis and the ulama?

Sufis often challenged the religious authority of the ulama

What does the Quran state about the descent of lineage?

The Quran recognizes descent through the male line.

What restrictions were placed on women's social and sexual life in Islamic society?

Women's social and sexual life was subjected to strict control by male guardians.

How many wives could men take according to the Quran?

Men could take up to four wives

What was the significance of veiling women in Islamic culture?

Veiling was a long-standing tradition of modesty in Mesopotamia

How did jurists and legal scholars influence patriarchal practices in Islam?

They reinforced patriarchal practices through their interpretations of the Quran and Sharia

Who was Mahmud of Ghazni and what was his impact on India?

Mahmud of Ghazni was a leader of the Turks who mounted 17 raiding expeditions into India

What was the outcome of Mahmud's successor's ambitions in India?

His successor aimed to conquer India and establish Islamic rule

How long did the Sultanate of Delhi rule northern India?

The Sultanate of Delhi ruled northern India for three centuries.

What was the Seljuk Empire and its significance?

The Seljuk Empire was a ruling military family of Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and restored Muslim unity under the Sunni caliphate.

What educational institutions did the Seljuk Empire establish?

They founded a network of madrasahs (Islamic colleges) for uniform training of state administrators and religious scholars.

How did Islamic culture incorporate influences from conquered peoples?

Large numbers of conquered peoples brought their own cultural traditions into Islamic society.

What role did the Abbasid dynasty play in knowledge acquisition?

The Abbasid dynasty officially supported the translation of literary and scientific works from Greek

Who was Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and what were his contributions?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi made significant advancements in astronomy

What was 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah known for?

She was a Sufi master and poet

What was the primary cause of the expansion of Islam according to the notes?

The expansion was most directly a result of the transformation of tribal loyalties into an alliance to Islam.

What does the excerpt from Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain illustrate?

It illustrates the military campaigns and conquests led by Tarik in Spain.

What does the Book of Fixed Stars signify in the context of Islamic scholarship?

It represents the incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies by Muslim scholars.

What was the role of Muslim states in the intellectual transfer in Eurasia?

Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia.

What was the significance of the Persian literary tradition under Muslim rule?

The Persian literary tradition continued and flourished

How did Muslim merchants contribute to cultural exchange?

Muslim merchants engaged with various literary

What advancements in medicine were made during the Islamic Golden Age?

Advances in medicine included the adoption of Indian medical practices and the translation of Greek medical writings.

What was the impact of the Seljuk Empire on the Persian language?

The Seljuk Empire adopted the Persian language and culture

What was the relationship between Islamic law and local traditions?

Islamic law was often interpreted by jurists to reinforce local traditions and patriarchal structures.

What was the significance of the conquest of Andalus as described in the notes?

The conquest of Andalus marked a significant military achievement and expansion of Islamic influence in Europe.

What were the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties from 1200 to 1450?

Chinese dynasties utilized a highly advanced system of government

How did the systems of government in Chinese dynasties develop over time?

The systems became more organized and sophisticated

What cultural beliefs and traditions were present in China from 1200 to 1450?

Confucianism was a dominant belief system

What were the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia from 1200 to 1450?

Chinese cultural traditions influenced neighboring regions in governance

What major innovations occurred in China from 1200 to 1450?

Innovations included advancements in agriculture

What were the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy from 1200 to 1450?

Innovations led to agricultural surpluses

What was the significance of rice cultivation during the Song Dynasty?

Rice became a dietary staple

How did the population change during the Song Dynasty?

The population grew rapidly

What role did joint stock companies play in the Song economy?

Joint stock companies allowed multiple shareholders to own parts of a business

What are guilds and their significance in the Song economy?

Guilds were associations of craftsmen or merchants that organized trade and sales

What evidence from Marco Polo's account illustrates economic growth in China?

Marco Polo describes the city of Sinju

How did the Yangzi River contribute to trade in China?

The Yangzi River enabled the movement of a large volume of merchandise

What was the impact of technological innovation on agriculture in China during this period?

Technological innovations

What was the role of merchants in the Song Dynasty economy?

Merchants became more specialized and organized