Anatomy Exam #1 Professor Angela

What is anatomy?

Study of body structure

What is physiology?

Study of body function

What is gross anatomy?

Visible structures with the naked eye

What is microscopic anatomy?

Study of structures you have to see through a microscope

What is systemic anatomy?

Organ systems

What is regional anatomy?

Specific body regions

What is cytology?

Cells

What is histology?

Tissues

What is a molecule

Two or more atoms combined

What is a tissue?

Two or more cells working together with intercellular matrix

What is an organ?

Two or more tissues working together

What is an organ system?

Two or more organs working together

Main function of skeletal system

Supports, protects soft tissue. Allows movement, stores minerals, formation of blood

Main function of the muscular system

Moves body, helps regulate body temp (shivering)

Main function of the Nervous system

Receives sensory information processes, integrate info then generates responses, fast control.

Main function of the endocrine system

Hormone regulation

Main function of the Cardivoasular system

Transports oxygen, immune cells, nutrients and removes carbon dioide waste.

Main function of the lymphatic system

main site of immune system, removes extracellular fluid, transports fats, fatty acids

Main function of the respiratory system

Gas exchange between outside air and circulating blood

Main function of the digestive system

Digestion, absorb nutrients minerals,vitamins

Main function of the Urinary system

Filters blood, regulates blood elimnates excess water, salts, waste

Main function of the reproductive system

Produces gametes (sperm or ova) and sex hormones

Negative feedback loop

Reverses change to homeostasis

Positive feedback loop

Amplifies change, keeps going same direction

What structures make up the axial region?

Head, neck, trunk (torso)

What structures make up the appendicular region?

Upper lower limbs, girdles , attachment points (arms and legs)

Cranial Cavity location

Skull

Spinal cavity location

Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity location

Chest, ribs

Abdominal cavity location

Abdomen, below rib cage above pelvis

Pelvic cavity location

Pelvis

What organs are in the cranial cavity?

Brain

What organs are in the spinal cavity?

Spinal cord

What organs are in the thoracic cavity?

Heart and lungs

What organs are in the abdominal cavity?

Digestive organs

What organs are in the pelvic cavity

Reproductive organs and bladder

What serous membrane surrounds the cranial cavity?

Meninges

What serous membrane surrounds the spinal cavity?

Meninges

What serous membrane surrounds the thoracic cavity?

Pleura, pericardium

What serous membrane surrounds the abdominal cavity?

Peritoneum

What serous membrane surrounds the pelvic cavity

Peritoneum

Why does medical terminology matter?

Minimize confusion, concrete terms, precision

What is the anatomical position?

Standard reference position, body standing erect, head facing forward, arms at side of body, palms forward, feet close together, facing forward

What are the anatomical planes?

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right

Transverse plane

Divides body into upper, lower

Frontal plane

Divides body into front and back

Anterior

Front forward

Posterior

Back, behind

Medial

Closer to the middle of the body

Lateral

Closer to the side of the body

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or origin so the upper legs, upper body (shoulder) The elbow is proximal(higher) to the wrist

Distal

Farther away, towards the ends of limbs, fingers. The hand is distal(lower) to the elbow

Superficial

Towards the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Superior

Up Above

Inferior

Down, below

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Seperate inside from the outside, cell homeostatsis, material exchange communication between cells. Semi-permeable

Why is the plasma membrane semi-permeable?

The phospholipid bilayer

What is the function of phospholipids?

Maintain selective permeability, barrier

Head end phospholipids

Negatively charged, interacts with water

Tail end phospholipid

Positively charged, avoids water

What is the function of the Receptor protein?

Initates cell signaling pathways via ligand

What is the function of the glycoalyx

Cells ID card, cell recognition, how immune system knows if cell is supposed to be there

What does an enzyme do?

Speeds up chemical reactions

Where do you find microvili in the human body?

Small intestine, increases surface area for absorption/secretion

Where do you find cilia in the human body?

Lungs, helps clear airways dust/bacteria

What is passive transport?

Does not require energy(ATP) to move across

What is active transport?

Requires energy (ATP) to cross

Role of Rough endoplasmic reticiulm (Rough ER)

Protein synthesis, (building/modifying proteins)

Role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Building lipids(fats) (lipid synthesis), stores calcium

What is the function of lyosomes?

Break down, digest unwanted materials to recycle them

What is the function of mitochondria?

generates energy(ATP) from food

What is the function of the peroxisome?

Break down lipids (fats) neutralize poison

What is autophagy? When does it occur?

“self eating” to recycle an old/not functioning cell/organelle. starvation

What is apoptosis and when does it occur?

Programmed cell death, during failed interphase, or damage.

When do cells form tight junctions?

To prevent materials from passing between, preventing leaks

When do cells form gap junctions?

To allow materials from passing between, communication

When would tyour cells form an anchoring junction?

To provide structural cohesion, mechanical strength

What is mitsosis? How many cells do you end up with at the end?

Cell division, duplicate cell exactly ending up with two identical diploid cells.

G1 phase mitosis

Growth phase, first checkpoint

G2 phase mitosis

Growth phase, second checkpoint

S phase, mitosis

Duplicate the DNA

Which phases make up interphase?

G1, S, G2

What happens during prophase?

DNA condenses becomes chromosomes

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up at equator, checkpoint #3

What happens during anaphase?

Chromosomes seperate, split in half

What happens during telophase?

2 cells split, making 2 new identical cells

What are the checkpoints during mitosis

G1, G2, metaphase, to ensure cell has enough resources to move on

How do cancer cells behave differently to make them more dangerous?

Rapid cell division, increased rate of genetic mutation, disruption of normal cell cycle, no apopotsis

What is matrix?

Extracellular liquid material. Provides nutrients and other support jobs to the cells

Main function of epithelial tissue

Covers outside layer of organs

Main function of connective tissue

Binds organs together (ligaments) strong structure, support other tissues, transport nutrients

Main function of muscle tissue

Contracts to move body (skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles)

Main function of nervous tissue

Allows for communication between organs.

Epitheal tissue structure

Mostly cells, little matrix

Connective tissue structure

Tons of matrix, very little cells

Apical surface

Top layer, free surface

Basal lamina

Base layer, Tissue’s attachment site

Simple squamous epithelium function, location

Rapid diffusion, materials pass through, inner lining of blood vessels, lungs