WCH

risk factor of ectopic pregnancy

congenital defects of fallopian tube

clinical manifestations of ectopic pregnancy

sharp stabbing pain at lower abdomen

diagnostic test to cfm miscarriage

u/s of abdomen

most appropriate nsg diagnosis for pt to hv ectopic pregnancy

fluid volume deficit related to excessive bleeding

one of the complication of miscarriage is what

haemorrhage

surgical intervention of retained products of conception and excessive bleeding is what

D&C

the zygote is implanted outside the uterine cavity such as fallopian tube, ovary abdomen or cervix is known as

ectopic pregnancy

clinical manifestation of miscarriage

vaginal spotting

a procedure to terminate a pregnancy by using medical or surgical methods b4 20 weeks of gestation is known as

TOP

what are the three invasive breast cancer

1. IDC (most common, start frm ducts)

2. ILC (start frm lobules and spreads to nearby tissues)

3. IBC (rare and aggressive)

risk factors of breast cancer

1. early menarche

2. nulliparity

3. fam history

4. ionizing radiation

5. obesity

what are the main breast biopsy techniques

1. FNA

2. CNB

3. excisional biopsy

which test is best for detecting early metabolic changes in breast tissue

mammogram

medical treatment for breast cancer

1. radiation therapy

2. cisplatin

3. tamoxifen

which is key pre-op intervention for breast cancer

reviewing treatment options NOT chemotherapy ah

key components of post-op care

1. pain management

2. infection prevention

3. sensory and mobility support

4. psychological support

5. self-care trg

early warning sign of cervical cancer

abnormal vagina bleeding esp after intercourse

advanced stage symptom of cervical cancer

foul smell from vagina

secondary prevention for cervical cancer

pap smear

most appropriate surgical option for non-invasive cervical lesions

LEEP or cryosurgery

goal of pt education

reduce anxiety by clarifying, helping pt feel more prepared and confident

sites of implantation of endometriosis gland

1. pelvic organs

2. urinary tract

3. GI tract

4. thoracic and pulmonary sites

during initial assessment, what is most suggestive of endometriosis

fixed, tender nodules on pelvic exam

key therapies for endometriosis

1. NSAIDs

2. combined oral contraceptives

3. GnRH agonists

4. danazol

what is the side effect of danazol therapy for endometriosis

menopausal symptoms

what does laparoscopic laser ablation do

minimally invasive surgery to remove endometrial tissue

40 yr old who has completed family

radical hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy

intervention that helps prevent wound infection after hysterectomy

monitor incision for redness and discharge

what are the clinical manifestations of DUB

1. heavy/ prolonged bleeding

2. irregular cycles

3. intermenstrual spotting

what helps to reduce menstrual flow and re-establish menses in DUB

combined oral contraceptives

clinical manifestations of PID

1. fever

2. lower abdominal pain

3. abnormal vaginal discharge

4. dyspareunia

5. dysuria

6. vomit

7. diarrhoea

8. metrorrhagia or menorrhagia

what is a chronic complication of PID

infertility

they act agst a wide range of bacteria is which PID treatment

broad-spectrum antibiotics

diffce btwn PMS and dysmenorrhoea

PMS occurs b4 menses while dysmenorrhoea is pain during menses

how to tell if got primary dysmenorrhoea

1. early onset

2. absence of pelvic pathology

PMS symptoms

1. mood swings and fatigue

2. bloating and lower abdominal pain

3. breast tenderness and swelling

4. acne and oily skin

5. frequent urination and mild swelling

common meds for PMS

1. NSAIDs (analgesics)

2. oral contraceptives (hormonal therapies)
   antidepressants

3. diuretics

4. vit E

pathophysiology of endometriosis in metaplasia therapy

endometrial tissue develops from embryonic epithelial cells due to hormonal or inflammatory changes (a layer of cells surrounding ovaries within pelvic region are able to change into endometrial cells)

retrograde menstruation theory of endometrosis

menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flow back thru fallopian tubes and into pelvic cavity at the time blood is flowing out of the body thru cervix and vagina during menses. Results in endometrial like cells being deposited outside uterus where they can implant anf grow

transplantation theory of endometriosis

endometrial implants spread via lymphatic or vascular channels

clinicals of endometriosis

1. dysmenorrhea

2. pelvic pain

3. abnormal uterine bleeding

4. infertility

risks of endo

1. genetics

2. early menarche

3. nulliparity

4. mullerian anomalies

diagnostic tests to cfm endo

1. FBC

2. health history

3. pelvic examination'

4. diagnostic laparoscopy

commom meds for endo

1. NSAIDs

2. oral hormonal therapy

3. GnRH

4. danazol

complications of enfo

1. infertility

2. chronic pelvic pain

3. ruptured cyst

4. risk of ovarian and breast cancer

risk of uterine fibroids

1. fam history

2. obesity

3. polycystic ovary syndrome

4. alcoholic

5. vit D deficiency

clinicals of uterine fibroids

1. metrorrhagia

2. abdominal pain and back pain

3. abdominal lump

4. infertility/ multitple miscarriages or earlt labour (submucosal)

5. frequent micturition

6. constipation (rare)

7. SOB secofndary to anemia

risks of PID

1. sexually active women younger than 25 yrs old

2. history of STI

3. multiple sex partners

4. sex wo condom

5. sex partners with STD

clinicals of PID

1. vomit

2. diarrhoea

3. distended and tender of lower abdomen

4. menorrhagia/ metrorrhagia

5. endometriosis

6. dyspareunia

what marks the beginning of pregnancy

conception

which structure forms outer covering of blastocyst and becomes placenta after

trophoblast

what are presumptive signs

subjective symptoms

what are probable signs

objective findings

what are positive signs

provides conclusive evidence of pregnancy

pregnant pt has irregular cycles, which method is most appropriate for EDD

u/s dating

what is nornal skin during pregnancy

linea nigra

risks for hyperenesis gravidarum

1. primigravida

2. multiple pregnacy

3. previous history

4. fam history

complications of hyperemesis gravidarum

• dehydration

• electrolyte imbalance

• nutritional deficiency

• weight loss

• impact on fetal health

risks for pre-ecalmpsia

1. first pregnancy under 17 and over 35

2. fam history

3. obesity

4. multiple pregnancy

5. chronic hypertension

6. DM

7. autoimmune disease

8. chronic renal disease

which med is used to prevent seizures in pre-eclapsia and ecalmspia

magnesium sulphate

key med intervention for PROM

1. antibiotic therapy

2. u/s assessment

3. indication of labour

complications for PROM/PPROM

1. infection (chorioamnionitis)

2. preterm labour

3. fetal distress

definition of preterm labour

occurs after 20 and b2 37 completed weeks of gestations

causes of preterm labour

1. dehydration

2. cervical incompetence

3. infection

what symptom is a common pt-relayed symptom for preterm labour

menstrual-like cramps (NOT vaginal bleeding)

which meds is given to promote fetal lung maturity in preterm labour

dexamethasone

what is a contraindictation to tocolytic therapy

chorioamniontitis (infection)

what is placenta previa

placenta developing on lower part of uterus rather than upper part, interfering with the process of chikdbirth

types of placenta previa

1. marginal placenta previa (doesnt cover opening)

2. partial placenta previa (partly covers opening)

3. total placenta previa (totally covers opening)

complications in placenta previa

1. postpartum hemorrhage

2. hypovolemic shock

3. fetal hypoxia

4. fetal death

risks for GDM

1. maternal obesity

2. maternal age older than 25

3. previous unexplained stillbirth

4. previous infant with congenital abnormalities

5. history of GDM in prv pregnancy

6. fam history of DM

7. large infant of over 4kg

definition of labour

process by which fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from birth canal

4 stages of labour

1. onset to full dilation

2. full dilation to birth

3. delivery of placenta

4. immediate postpartum period

whats a clear sign that second stage of labour is nearing completion

crowning of fetal head

if child is boggy during 4th stage of labour, wwyd

massage uterine fundus

types of assisted vaginal delivery

1. forceps delivery

2. vacuum extractor (less invasive but higher risk for scalp injury)

complications of C-section

1. heavy bleeding and boggy uterus

2. calf pain and swelling

3. early signs of infection

4. prevnting post-CS pneumonia

what is not normal symptom for postnatal

persistent high fever

what does early ambulation do

promotes circulation and healing