AP psyc

Empirical Science

Experience=knowledge. Observe, experiment

Gestalt Psych

Whole>parts

Phrenology

Behavior & personality=skull bumps. Pseudo science

Structuralism

Mind structures=consciousness

Functionalism

Functions, purposes, adaptations of consciousness

Behavioral psych

Observable behavior. Affected by instruction & observation

Introspection

self-examination

Pseudo-external

Appears externally true, actually false

Confirmation bias

conducting research to confirm beliefs

Experimenter Bias

Observer's biases affects participants

Hawthorne Effect

Act different when observed

Wilhelm Wudnt

Father of psych. Structuralism. Labs. Assistant: Edward Titchner

William James

Father of american psych. Functionalism. Textbooks.

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, BF Skinner

Behaviorism

Goals of Psych

describe, explain, predict, modify

Jean Piaget

Cognitive psych. 4-stage theory

Carl Rogers

client-centered therapy. humanistic

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs. Humanistic

Psychodynamic psych

unconscious motives. sex, aggression

Cognitive psych

acquire, process, store, use. perception, language, development, learning

Biological psych

structure, heredity, genetics, hormones

Humanistic psych

self-actualism, client-centered, free will

Socio-Cultural psych

cultural & social norms = behavior

Evolutionary psych

Charles Darwin. Inherited traits.

Eclectic view/biopsychosocial

nature + nurture

Developmental psych

Jean Piaget, Kohlberg

Psych jobs

educational, school, personality, developmental, social

Descriptive research

describe observations

case study

examination on particular group/person. longitudinal, cross section

Case study: Longitudinal study

extended time. pro: accurate. Con: long

Case study: Cross section study

Compare individual to group. Pro: quick. Con: less accurate

Survey study

pro: quick. Con: less accurate.

Naturalistic Observation

observed in natural setting. No hawthorne effect

Correlation Research

Relationship between 2 variables. can be illusory

Correlation Research: Correlation coefficiant

Statistical measure of extent they are correlated. -1, 0, 1

Experimental research

prove conclusion to cause/effect. controlled

Experimental: single-blind vs double-blind studies

participant doesn't know group vs +experimenters (w/o experimenter bias)

Experimental: random assignment

each participant has equal chance of being in each group

Experimental: Operationally defined

Defined how it will be measured

Experimental: Confounding variable

External variable impacting experiment

Experimental: Inferential statistics

inference about pop. from sample

Experimental: measure of variation

range, SD, variance, normal bell curve

Ethical guidelines by APA

confidentiality, debriefing, informed consent, right to quit. ex. stanford prison experiment, stanley milgram's "obedience"

Sensory neurons

sensory organs send signals->CNS. Ex. hand is hot!

Motor neurons

CNS send signals->muscles, organs. Ex. Remove hot hand!

Interneurons

In CNS. Processes information

Dendrites

Branching extensions of cell body. Receives messages

Soma/Cell body

Life support center of neuron

Axon

Extension covered w myelin (insulate & speed up)

Synapse

Gap between axon tip & other dendrites

how do neurons work

change in ionic charge as message moves down axon. electrical charge=action potential

Resting potential

message sent. not electrically charge

Threshold

beginning of action potential. When dendrite releases message

Agonist/Excitatory

speed up message across. depression meds

Antagonist/Inhibitory

blocks, stops message. schizophrenia meds

Neurotransmitters

chemicals carrying message across synapse

Reuptake

neurotransmitters in synapse reabsorbed into sending neuron

Neurotransmitter: Acetylocholine (ACh)

voluntary muscle movement. In CNS. Lack=alzheimers

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine

motor movement, alertness, pleasure. Lack=parkisons. Excessive=schizophrenia

Neurotransmitter: Serotonin

Mood, hunger control. Lack: depression

Neurotransmitter: endorphins

pain control. released when hurt. Morphine: man made

CNS (central nervous system)

brain, spinal cord

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

sensory, motor, connects CNS to rest of body. somatic & autonomic (w/ sympathetic, parasympathetic)

PNS: somatic

skeletal muscles, voluntary control

PNS: autonomic

gland, organs, involuntary control. sympathetic & parasympathetic

PNS: autonomic: sympathetic

arouses body. fight/flight

PNS: autonomic: parasympathetic

calms body, conserves energy

Endocrine

glands that secrete hormones

Hormones

chemicals released into bloodstream by endocrine gland. Slower & longer than neurotransmitters

Endocrine System: pituitary gland

brain. growth. puberty

Endocrine System: Adrenal glands

top of kidneys. release adrenaline. excitement.

Endocrine System: thyroid gland

neck. regulates metabolism

Endocrine system: pineal gland

brain. regulates sleep. releases melatonin

Phineas Gage

frontal cortex severed

Brain lesions

destruction of brain tissue. wound, tumor, stroke

Imaging: EEG

brain waves in electrical output. Sleep research. Electrodes on skull=activity levels

Imaging: CAT

3D x ray. Locates tumors

Imaging: PET

measures glucose amount

Imaging: MRI

detailed. magnetic field to knock electrons off axis

fMRI

PET + MRI image and brain function

Brain stem

connects brain to spinal cord

Brain Stem: Reticular formation

nerve network. arousal, alertness. In crisis=connects to sympathetic nervous system

Brain Stem: medulla oblongata

above spinal cord. Breath, heartrate, blood pressure, parts of autonomic n.s.

Brain Stem: Thalamus

top of brain stem. receives and sends sensory signals.

Brain stem: cerebellum

back of brain stem. balance, movement

Limbic system

basic emotional reactions. appetite, urges

Limbic system: hypothalamus

in brain stem (below thalamus). Body temp, motivation, arousal, hunger, thirst. Regulates endocrine system

Limbic system: hippocampus

top of brain stem. process memory storage.

Limbic System: amygdala

anger, fear

Cerebral cortex

grey matter=densely packed neurons. protects brain. fissures=wrinkles

Cerebral cortex: corpus callosum

fibers joining left & right hemispheres

Cerebral cortex: frontal lobe

abstract thought, judegement, planning, reasoning, movement, personality

Cerebral cortex: frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex

very front of brain

Cerebral cortex: Temporal lobe

processes sounds from ears. middle of brain

Cerebral cortex: parietal lobe

sensory cortex, incoming touch sensations. Top of brain

Cerebral cortex: Occipital lobe

visual cortex. understand what is being seen

Hemispheres: Broca's area

produce language

Hemispheres: Wernicke's area

understand language

Aphasia

language impairment

Brain plasticity

reroute between hemispheres when damaged. best under 14