VTEC.2090 - Intro to Anatomy and Physiology (Exam 1)

anatomy

form and structure; includes microscopic, gross, regional, and systemic

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye such as cells and tissues

Gross anatomy

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye such as organs, muscles, and bones

Regional anatomy

the study of a specific regions of the body such as the neck or abdomen

Systemic anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

Sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts; median plane is a type

Median plane

type of sagittal plane that divides the body into left and right halves

Transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

Dorsal plane

plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts; can be used on individual parts of the body as well

Recumbence

a position of lying down at rest; types are named according to which side is touching the surface upon which the subject is laying

Ventro-dorsal (VD) view

the animal is lying on its back so the x-ray beam goes through the abdomen and then the back

Dorso-ventral (DV) view

Stomach on table, X-ray beam goes through back

Right lateral view

right side on table

left right lateral (beam enters left, exits right)

Left lateral view

left side on table

right left lateral (beam enters right, exits left)

Cranial

toward the head; the front of each individual limb is in this direction

Caudal

toward the tail; the back of each individual limb is in this direction

Rostral

toward the nose or mouth

Dorsal

toward the back

Ventral

Toward the belly

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Superficial/external

toward or at the body surface

Deep/internal

away from the body surface

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Palmar

pertaining to the palm of the hand; directional term referring to the caudal side of the forelimb underneath the leg joint

Plantar

pertaining to the sole of the foot; directional term referring to the caudal side of the hindlimb underneath the leg joint

Withers

the highest part of the back at the base of an animal's neck

Barrel

a regional term especially used in horses; the area of the animal's body between the forelegs and the loins

Flank

area on the sides between the lower ribs and hip

Brisket

Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum

Poll

area between an animal's ears

Muzzle

the projecting part of the face, including the nose and mouth, of an animal such as a dog or horse.

Tailhead

base of the tail where it connects to the body

Brachium

area on the front leg in animals between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint

Knee

the forelimb joint called the carpus on the forelimb in livestock

Stifle

"knee" joint on the hindlimb of livestock; equivalent to the human knee

Shin

area in front of the tibia above the hock on the hindlimb of animals

Hock

Tarsal joint; also called the tarsus; the second, lower leg joint that differs animal hindlimbs from human legs

Cannon

large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals

Fetlock

area of the limb between the pastern and the cannon

Pastern

area of the limb between the fetlock and hoof

Bilateral symmetry

common animal body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal left and right halves

Dorsal cavity

body cavity including the cranial and spinal cavities (central nervous system)

Ventral cavity

body cavity located along the front of the body, containing the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Cranial thoracic cavity

the body cavity that contains the heart, major blood vessels, lungs, and esophagus

Caudal abdominal cavity

the body cavity that contains the digestive organs, urinary organs, and reproductive organs

Pleura

double-layered membrane lining the thoracic cavity

Visceral layer

layer of the pleura and peritoneum that covers the organs

Parietal layer

layer of the pleura and peritoneum that lines the internal surface of the body wall

Peritoneum

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

Pleuritis

inflammation of the pleura within the thoracic cavity

Peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

Cells

basic units of life

Tissues

groups of specialized cells clustered together

Organs

groups of tissues that work together (single or in pairs)

Systems

groups of organs involved in a common set of activities

Health

a state of normal anatomy and physiology

Disease

a state of abnormal anatomy and physiology

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment; all physiological processes work to maintain this in the various structures, functions, and properties of the body