Thẻ ghi nhớ: pldc co nguyen thi quynh yen | Quizlet

What is a state?

Special political organization (tổ chức chính trị đặc biệt), Protect the rights and interests of the ruling classes (giai cấp thống trị), Maintain the stability of the society, Have enforcement power

Nature of state

Class-conscious face (Economics, Politics, Ideology) (bản chất giai cấp), Social face (bản chất xã hội)

Powers of a state

Legislative power, Executive power, Judicial power

Legislative power (lập pháp)

Power to make law (Legislature)

Executive power (hành pháp)

Power to administer the law (Executive)

Judicial power (tư pháp)

Power to enforce the law (Judiciary)

Forms of states

Ruling form (hình thức chính thể), Structural form (hình thức cấu trúc)

Ruling form

State powers are allocated among various state bodies/individuals

Structural form

State powers are allocated among various state territories

Origin of law

an element of social "superstructure", a reflection of the condition of the economic-based, used by the ruling class to maintain and advance its interests

What is law?

legally enforceable rules made by authorities within a society

Legal rules >< non-legal rules

Legal rules = laws applied to all individuals in society. Non-legal rules determine what behavior is unacceptable in particular groups or institutions

Law >< morality:

Morality: the concept of being good or evil, right or wrong; also addresses intention and attitude -> based on culture, religion, and experiences

Law >< Custom

Custom is based on a common consensus on how things should be done properly. People not complying will not be regarded as bad people, but they will be perceived as odd, uneducated, awkward

Classification of law

Public law and Private law or Civil law and Criminal law or Substantive law and Procedural law

Public law

concerns the relationships within governments and those between governments and individuals (Administrative Law (luật hành chính), Constitutional Law (luật hiến pháp), Criminal Law,...)

Private law

concerns relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves (Contract Law, Company Law, Succession Law, etc,...)

Criminal law

concerns an offense against society even though only 1 person may suffer

Civil law

controls the actions of individuals and/or business organizations.

Substantive law (luật nội dung)

creates and controls the rights and duties of parties (Law of contract (luật hợp đồng), Company law (luật công ty), Labour Law (luật lao động))

Procedural law (luật hình thức)

creates and controls the process of enforcing the rights and duties under substantive law, the process of settling disputes (Civil Procedure Code -> rule on how to plead in court, how to provide evidence,...)

Customary Law (tập quán pháp)

rules of conduct with clear content to determine the rights and obligations of individuals and legal entities in specific civil relations, formed and repeated many times over a long time, widely, recognized and applied in a region, ethnic group, community or in a civil field.

Case Law (án lệ)

established in previous court rulings; like common law, which springs from judicial decisions and tradition.

Principles to apply case law

Principle of precedents: A court should apply the rulings of previous cases tried in a higher court in situations where the facts are the same. Principle of Stare decisis: Same cases should be treated alike. Principle of Distinction (tìm ra điểm khác biệt giữa án lệ và vụ án hiện tại để cho rằng án lệ đó không được áp dụng). Judge uses "ratio-decidendi" (lập luận chính, lý do chủ yếu dẫn đến phán quyết) as key reason (not "obiter dictum" (quan điểm cá nhân, các ví dụ thẩm phán đưa ra))

Statutory law (văn bản quy phạm pháp luật)

a system of written rules that are enacted/created by the legislative body of the government. Statutory law is the main source of law in civil law countries: France, Germany, Netherlands,...,consisting of legislation and delegated legislation

Statutory >< Case law

Where statutory> follow/apply statutory law. Where there is no relevant statute -> rely on case law. The court may also use case law to interpret statutory law which needs to be clarified.

Legal norms

A mandatory rule of social behavior established by the state.

Components of legal norms

Assumption (giả định), Regulation (quy định), Sancion (chế tài/hình phạt)

Assumption (giả định)

Who? When? Condition or situation to apply?

Regulation (quy định):

Must/mustn't do something? How to do something? Allow to do something?

Sancion (chế tài/hình phạt)

Consequences

Note about legal norms

One legal provision can present a legal norm or many legal norms. A legal norm does not necessarily have all 3 parts. Usually, a legal norm will include assumption + regulation; assumption + sanction/remedy; regulation. When presenting a legal norm. It is unnecessary to ensure the correct order

Statutory interpretation

Literal rule, Golden rule, Mischief rule, Class rule

Literal rule (quy tắc nguyên nghĩa, giải thích theo nghĩa đen)

requires courts to interpret statutes in their plain, literal, and ordinary meaning.

Golden rule (quy tắc vàng, sửa nghĩa thông thường của từ nếu điều luật nghĩa đen không hợp lí)

where the literal rule would result in an absurdity or an obnoxious result. The judge will adopt another interpretation that produces the least absurd result.

Mischief rule (nguyên tắc ngăn chặn điều xấu)

requires the court to look at what the law was before the legislation was passed to discover what gap or mischief the legislation was intended to cover.

Class rule (nguyên tắc từ đồng loại)

Where general words follow the particular word, the court should interpret the general words as persons or things of the same class. Ex: if the Act referred to "cats, dogs or other animals", the general words, "other animals", should be constructed in the light of the particular words, "cats" and "dogs", as other kinds of domesticated animals and not wild animals.

Civil law in Viet Nam

is a separate law branch in the Vietnam legal system, a set of rules regulating property relations and personal identity relations based on equality, freedom of will, independence of property, and self-responsibility

Types of civil relations

Property relations (quan hệ tài sản) and Personal identity relations (quan hệ nhân thân)

General Principles of Civil Law

Equality principle (nguyên tắc bình đẳng); Principle of freedom and voluntariness (nguyên tắc tự do và tự nguyện); Principle of honesty and good faith (nguyên tắc trung thực và thiện chí); Principles of respecting national and ethnic interests, public interests, and legitimate rights and interests of others (nguyên tắc tôn trọng lợi ích quốc gia, dân tộc, lợi ích công cộng, quyền và lợi ích hợp pháp của người khác); Principle of self-liability (nguyên tắc tự chịu trách nhiệm)

Sources of civil law in Vietnam

Constitution year of 2013; Civil Code year of 2015; Other specialized laws

Civil legal relation

social relations arising from material and personal interests governed by civil law. (e.g: Marriage and Family Relations; Business and Trade Relations; Labor Relations; Inherent Relations)

Characteristics of civil legal relations

Parties are equal; Parties have free will; Parties are responsible for their acts; Parties are independent in terms of property

Elements of legal relations

Parties (chủ thể); Objects (khách thể); Content (nội dung)

What are parties?

Individuals or organizations who have capacity -> Individuals, legal entities (pháp nhân - thực thể tạo ra bởi pháp luật. VD: các doanh nghiệp, tổ chức thành lập bởi PL), family households and co-operative groups, state-special parties (immunities)

What are objects?

Things, Conducts, non-material benefits

What are contents

Rights and Obligations of the parties.

Capacity of individuals includes?

Civil legal capacity and Capacity for civial acts

Civil legal capacity of individuals (năng lực pháp luật dân sự)

a person's capability to have civil rights and civil obligations. All individuals shall have the same legal capacity. The legal capacity of a person commences at birth and terminates at death.

Capacity for civil acts of individuals (năng lực hành vi dân sự)

a person's capability to establish and exercise civil rights and perform civil obligations through his/her acts, depending on age/mental status. Adults (over 18 years old) shall have full capacity for civil conduct.

Legal entities must satisfie what conditions?

established in accordance with provisions of laws (được thành lập theo quy định của pháp luật), has an organizational structure (có cơ cấu tổ chức), has property independent from other individuals and organizations, self-responsible by recourse to its property (có tài sản độc lập với cá nhân, tổ chức khác và tự chịu trách nhiệm trước tài sản của mình), participates independently in legal relations in its name (tham gia độc lập vào các quan hệ pháp luật dưới danh nghĩa của nó)

Civil legal capacity of legal entities

arises from the time when it is established and disappear when the entity is terminated. Where registration of operation of the legal entity is required, the civil legal capacity of the legal entity arises from the time of entry into the registration

Legal event

event that arises in the form of conduct or a natural incident that leads to the formation, change, or termination of a legal relation (Conduct; Natural incident) -> (Ex: đám cưới không phải legal event, khoảnh khắc ký giấy kết hôn mới là legal event.)