Freshwater Final

the maximum density of water, at 4 degrees C, is

1g/cm3

Waterstriders, springtails, and many types of algae are adapted for life in the neuston. Where in the lake or stream do you find the neuston?

surface of the water

the weak and temporary bonds that make water molecules stick to each other are called

hydrogen bonds

which of the following modes of lake formation best describes the process that created sugar lake, crystal lake, and lake pleasant (these are all small kettle lakes)?

glacial kettle

which of the following modes of formation describes the origin of the lakes in yellowstone national park?

volcanic caldera lakes

many of the lakes in northern regions were formed by the most recent ice age. roughly speaking, how old are the lakes?

15,000 years old

a good example of a lake formed through glacial scouring is

lake erie

grabben lakes are formed through techtonic activity: blocks of the earths crust slip downward along deep fault lines. An example of a grabben lake is

lake tahoe

in the winter, the temperature profile of a frozen over lake would show

cold water sitting on top of warm water

water has a number of unique properties. which one of the following is not a property of water?

poor solvent

what is an appropriate measure of conductivity?

uS/cm

what sorts of lakes are most likely to stratify?

deep, small

what is an appropriate measure of oxygen concentration

mg/l

the “buffering” capacity of a lake or a stream is its ability to resist changes in pH as acids or bases are loaded in. in freshwater systems, what chemical compound, after being dissolved in water, is in a general sense the most important buffer?

CaCO3

list three processes that affect the ACTUAL concentration of oxygen in water, i.e., three processes that add or subtract from the amount of oxygen in the water

atmospheric mixing, respiration rates, photosynthesis

which of the following is a typical conductivity value for a cold water trout stream in our region?

80 uS/cm

the largest user of water in the united states, based on withdrawl rates (not effect on water quality)

electric generation

most of the freshwater in the entire world is in the form of

glaciers and icecaps

the majority of water used by humans in the united states comes from

surface waters

secondary treatment of sewage consists of

microbial respiration of organic carbon

a good example of a morainal dam lake is

finger lakes

this sort of lake is formed through tectonic activity: blocks of the earths crust slip downward along deep fault lines. These lakes are often old, deep, and large. Lake tahoe is an example

grabben lake

the approximate age of conneaut lake, lake erie, and the other natural lakes in NW PA

15000 years old

the thermocline is found

in lakes, at a zone of rapid temperature change

ph is a direct measurement of

hydrogen ion concentration

the lead fisheries biologist for the PA fish and boat area 2 is

Garrett Harrigan

the leader of the union city aquatic conservation center for PA fish and boat is

scott ray

the redhorses captured in the alleghany belong to which family?

suckers

T/F: The clarion river is remarkable for its high diversity of mussel species

false

T/F: sewage treatment plants generally were designed to process organic waste, but most sewage plants to not remove dissolved salts from the water

true

T/F: the formation of tectonic lakes is ultimately due to large-scale processes such as deformation of the earth’s crust

true

what is dr turners favorite fish that we got out of the alleghany

river redhorse

the decomposition of organic material by microbes releases carbon into what form? Assuming its an aerobic environment

carbon dioxide

acid mine drainage treatment systems must remove several kinds of dissolved metal from the water. One metal is particularly difficult to remove because the pH must be greater than 7 for the precipitation process to begin. its the last metal to be removed and it forms a black oxide that is not acutely toxic, this metal is

manganese

which of the following elements typically limits primary production in coastal marine systems

nitrogen

an excess of this element in water is a frequent cause of harmful algal blooms in freshwater

phosphorus

this gas is like, everywhere, as it makes up 78% of our atmosphere

nitrogen

bacteria called rhizobia live in the root nodules of certain types of plants and use the enzyme nitrogenase to transform n2 gas into NH3. the large group of plants involved in this process are called

legumes

other than rhizobia that live in roots, there is another group of microbes that are aquatic and are able to fix nitrogen. they are called

blue-green algae

this element wants nothing to do with the air and is only found in the lithosphere, it is

phosphorus

the decomposition of organic material by microbes recycles nitrogen into which of the following

NH4

in this process, microbes use the atmospheric N2 to produce nitrate

n-fixation

this component of a AMD treatment system consists of an organic substrate like compost or manure overlying a layer of limestone. water flows into the top then downward through the compost and limestone. this is called

vertical flow wetland (or SAP)

this component of a AMD treatment system consists of limestone positioned in the ground such that it intercepts the groundwater before it reaches the surface. it is called a

anoxic limestone drain

secondary production in headwater streams is driven by the decomposition of tree leaves from the forest. this mode of production is called

allochthonous production

the trophic habits of adult unionid mussels is best described as

filter feeding detritivore

larval mussels in the family unionidae, called glochidia make a living by

parasitizing fish

AMD at the most basic level is caused by the dissolution and oxidation of a mineral, what is that mineral?

pyrite

why is primary production, measured as rates of photosynthesis, usually very low in headwater streams

shading due to forest canopy

french creek is in what watershed

alleghany

the watershed specialist for the venango county conservation district is

Rebecca Fagley

this stream environment is characterized by shallow water, turbulent flow, and a course substrate

riffle

a disruption in this elemental cycle is the root cause of all acid mine drainage

sulfer

some microbes, including rhizobia associated with legumes, have the ability to produce ammonia from atmospheric N2, this process is called

n-fixation

what is a good example of a grazer in the pelagic food chains of lakes

daphnia

what is a good example of a planktivore in the pelagic food chain of lakes

golden shiner

what is a good example of a piscivore in the pelagic food chain of lakes

walleye

this component of an AMD treatment system consist of a shallow pond lined with limestone. it is positioned last in the system, so it receives water that has already precipitated most of its iron load. it is called a

manganese removal cell

the term eutrophication can be used to describe

algal blooms in nutrient rich water

a classic example of trophic cascades is the regrowth of kelp forests after sea otters returned to alaska. which one of these herbivores had increased in abundance in the absence of sea otters?

sea urchins

scott ray, the mussel biologist you met at the clarion river, works for the

PA fish and boat commission

carpenter et al (1987) performed whole lake manipulations at the university of notre dame field station to study trophic cascades. which summarizes their central result?

stocking largemouth bass into a lake formally without bass can reduce primary production

Hrbacek’s study of water clarity in polish fish ponds showed that

ponds with planktivorous fish had lower water clarity

mary powers work in the eel river of northern california showed that one important factor limited periphyton biomass growing on rocks, this factor was

presence of large steelhead

schindler, in his studies of nutrient limitation of productivity, found that

phosphate limits primary production in lakes

what did turner and mittelbach show with bass and bluegills in experimental pools?

bass indirectly benefit zooplankton

floating in a lake during the daytime, you monitor the pH and oxygen concentration. what changes do you expect from morning to afternoon?

increase in oxygen and pH

T/F: the phantom midge chaoborus is an herbivore, as it filter feeds on phytoplankton

false

T/F: small bluegills occupy the littoral zone of lakes because foraging rates are highest there

false

T/F: low water clarity is associated with low phosphorus concentrations

false

T/F: helmets and spines on daphnia are an adaptation to reduce vulnerability to predators

true

another name for landlocked salmon

kokanee salmon

assumed birthdays of all fish

January 1st

this index is used to assess community structure to estimate the overall health of the system based on the species who are currently occupying that habitat

index of biotic integrity

the presenter that came in and gave us a talk on IBIs, and private sector careers, and where he works

Kevin Reed, enviroscience consulting firm