period 4 all topics

Methodist and Baptist Churches

What churches grew in membership during the 2nd Great Awakening (1800-1830)?

circuit riders

Traveling ministers who rode horseback over regular routes and preached messages of religious revival during the 2nd Great Awakening.

Yes, circuit riders often did help communities establish (build) new churches in the frontier where no church existed.

Did circuit riders help establish / build new churches?

outdoors

Camp meetings were usually held where?

camp meetings

Religious and social gatherings used by the Methodist and Baptist churches to recruit members and hear exciting and fiery sermons.

Cane Ridge, Kentucky

Site of the most notable camp meeting, which took place during the 2nd Great Awakening. It took place in 1801.

Burned Over District

Popular name for western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the 2nd Great Awakening.

Charles Grandison Finney
Lyman Beecher

Name the two 2nd Great Awakening ministers that said there was a great deal of sin in America and that people needed to take action against the injustices and problems they saw in America (slavery, alcoholism, treatment of the mentally ill).

women

This demographic of people became more involved in church affairs and found inspiration in the equality given to them during the revivals and camp meetings.

Mormon Church / Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

After facing extreme hostility in the Midwest, this religious group moved to Utah and established their influential church there.

Joseph Smith

Name the man that started the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints (also known as the Mormon Church).

Brigham Young

This man replaced Joseph Smith after he Smith was assassinated in 1844; he led the Mormons to Utah, overseeing the establishment of Salt Lake City.

Seventh Day Adventist Church
AME Church
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church)

Name 3 unique churches that were started during the 2nd Great Awakening.

AME (African Methodist Episcopal Church)

During 2nd Great Awakening and the wide scale African American conversion to Christianity, this church that was specifically created for African Americans.

Election of 1824 - The 5 candidates

1.John Q. Adams
2. John C. Calhoun
3. William H. Crawford
4.Henry Clay
5. Andrew Jackson

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie in 1800, this stated that electors would vote for president and vice-president separately.

Corrupt Bargain

The presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect John Quincy Adams rather than Andrew Jackson.

Henry Clay

He was the Speaker of the House that convinced members of the House of Representatives to vote for John Quincy Adams during the Election of 1824.

subsidies

A grant or contribution of money, especially one made by a government.

subsidies

Monetary contributions given by the government to assist people or businesses.

Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports (between 30-60% on imported manufactured goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was passed to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers.

Tariff of Abominations

Another name for the Tariff of 1828.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, secretly written by John C. Calhoun, which spoke out against the "Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations"; the document also proposed possible nullification of the tariff. (although S.C. never did follow through on the nullification fo the Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations.

Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was written in response to what?

compact theory - state's rights view of the Constitution

idea that states can nullify laws they deem unconstitutional

compact theory

Another name for the state's rights theory.

state's rights theory

Another name for the compact theory.

nullify (nullification)

to declare invalid; when a state refuses to follow a federal law

Democratic Party

Political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824.

"Age / Era of the Common Man" / Jacksonian Democracy

Time period in which many new people could vote and these new voters related to Andrew Jackson and his views.

"Age / Era of the Common Man" / Jacksonian Democracy

The idea that the people of average wealth and education should be elected to government offices.

spoils system / patronage

Giving government positions / jobs to political party supporters

spoils system / patronage

The winning party awards supporters with jobs in the government.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Andrew Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet.

veto power

The formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing them from becoming law.

Maysville Road veto

Internal improvement that was vetoed by Jackson on the belief that federal government funds should not only benefit one state.

Webster - Hayne debate

Argument that took place in the Senate that focused on sectionalism and nullification of federal laws.

Webster - Hayne debate

Debate focused on whether the union (the country / the U.S.A.) gets its power from the states or if the federal government has the superior power.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified the tariff.

South Carolina's "Act of Nullification"

South Carolina passing a state law which refused to follow the Tariff of 1832.

Nullification Crisis

Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government

KY / VA Resolutions

South Carolina nullifying the Tariff of 1832 is similar to what other refusal to follow federal laws that were passed during John Adams' presidency.

Force Bill

Law passed by Congress and signed by President Jackson that authorized the use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariff of 1832 and require South Carolina's to obey the tariff.

Tariff of 1833

Decreased tariffs by about 10% over a period of eight years until they matched the levels of the Tariff of 1816.

Compromise Tariff

Another name for the Tariff of 1833.

Henry Clay

Who had the nickname the Great Compromiser?

Henry Clay

He drew up the Tariff of 1833.

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed the deposits removed from the 2nd B.U.S.

Specie Circular

Law issued by Jackson required land to be purchased in either gold or silver.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression that was caused by Specie Circular and the loaning of large amounts of money from state banks that had been given funds from the 2nd B.U.S.; cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

1. B.U.S.
2. higher tariffs
3. strong active role of the federal government
4. federal government should pay for internal improvments

What were the foundational beliefs of the Whig Party?

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

Campaign slogan by Whig candidate William Henry Harrison that portrayed him as a rough and rugged man of the West.

5 civilized tribes of the old southwest

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminoles

1830 Indian Removal Act

Signed into law by President Jackson, it resulted in the removal of 45,000 Indians from the American Southeast and Southwest.

Black Hawk War

Occurred in the upper Mississippi refused to move from the rich farmland in Western Illinois Jackson sent troops to expel them.

Worcester v Georgia (1832)

Supreme court decision that stated the Cherokee were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; President Jackson ignored the SCOTUS ruling.

Treaty of Echota / Treaty of New Echota (1836)

Treaty signed by only a few Cherokee leaders, the Cherokee agreed to give up all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced removal of the Cherokee to Oklahoma; most traveled on foot, almost 1/3 of Cherokee died along the way.

Barbary Wars

Pirates from the coast of northern Africa (called the Barbary coast) would demand bribes from nations who wanted to trade in the Mediterranean Sea region. Although Presidents Washington and Adams paid the bribes demanded by these pirates, President Jefferson saw it as affront to freedom of the sees and American independence.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances of other European countries (including England, Austria and Russia). These wars led to the impressment of American sailors by the British navy that was trying to man their ships and fend off a French invasion of Britain.

Chesapeake and Leopard Affair

The crew of an American ship refused to allow British sailors on board to search for suspected British deserters. The British fired on the U.S. ship killing American sailors. The event started a lot of anti-British sentiment in the United States.

Embargo Act

Signed into law by President Jefferson, this act that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between the U.S. Army and Native Americans in which Tecumseh and his brother known as "The Prophet" attempted to stop any further white settlement in the west. The British support of the Native Americans, by selling them weapons, served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Techumseh

A famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Native American tribes to stop any further American settlement in Indiana and further west.

The Prophet

Brother of Tecumseh who attacked U.S. Army soldiers in Indiana, which led to the Battle of Tippecanoe.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

British impressment of U.S. sailors

The British navy was short of recruits, so impressment (legalized kidnapping of people into the military) was a solution to this problem. This was a cause of the War of 1812.

Federalist opposition to War of 1812

The Federalist party was mainly composed of New England merchants; these merchants wanted good relations with Britain because they made a lot of money through trading with Britain.

Battle of Lake Erie

Battle where a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured one more Great Lake.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. The Federalists called for revisions to the Constitution and some even called for secession!

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, General Andrew Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Andrew Jackson's military campaign in GA and FL

General Andrew Jackson, a general in the U.S. Army, went into Georgia and attacked the Creek Native Americans there. General Jackson then entered Spanish Florida and attacked Seminole Native Americans. General Jackson's purpose was to create a U.S. Army presence in this area where American settlers were being attacked by Native Americans who had been allied with the British during the War of 1812.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817 Treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (because Great Britain still controlled Canada after the War of 1812).

1. This treaty provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes, meaning that both sides would remove their military naval ships from each Great Lake.

2. Allowed both the U.S. and Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory.

(technically speaking, Britain and the U.S. were allowed to keep one armed ship on each of the 5 Great Lakes . . . so 5 armed ships total on the Great Lakes. You DO NOT need to know this minute detail)

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)

An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agreed to give up any claims in Texas.

Florida Purchase Treaty

What is another name for the Adams-Onis Treaty?

Adams-Onis Treaty

What is another name for the Florida Purchase Treaty?

1. Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

2. If a colony in the western hemisphere gained its independence from a European county, that colony must never be "re-colonized" and must remain independent.
In other words . . . a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence).

3. The U.S. will stay out of the affairs of European nations (in Europe).

Name all three parts of the Monroe Doctrine.

1. Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

2. If a colony in the western hemisphere gained its independence from a European county, that colony must never be "re-colonized" and must remain independent.
In other words . . . a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence).

3. The U.S. will stay out of the affairs of European nations (in Europe).

Name all three parts of the Monroe Doctrine.

1. Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

2. If a colony in the western hemisphere gained its independence from a European county, that colony must never be "re-colonized" and must remain independent.
In other words . . . a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence).

3. The U.S. will stay out of the affairs of European nations (in Europe).

Name all three parts of the Monroe Doctrine.

William Henry Harrison

Army commander who led the U.S. troops to victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

social mobility

Moving upward in income level and social status did occur from one generation to the next; there was more of this in America than in Europe!

self-made man

A 19th century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline and hard work.

Cleveland
Buffalo
Cincinnati
St. Louis
Chicago

Name new large metropolitan cities that developed in the early 1800s.

old immigrants

Immigrants from Germany, Ireland, and England who came over during the period 1840-1880 were known by this term.

Irish Potato Famine

Starvation in Ireland that led to migration; the starvation started in 1845 and lasted until 1849. 25% of the nation left for the United States and the opportunity the U.S. offered.

Catholic

Most Irish immigrants were what religion?

Anti-Catholic sentiment

Immigrants from Ireland were accused of ruining American culture, which was mainly Protestant. Most Irish immigrants were Catholic.

Native American clubs

Organizations created to spread anti-Irish and anti-German fears and hatred of immigrants willing to work for low wages; the organizations frequently stirred up riots against Irish newcomers.

nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Know Nothing Party

American Party

Political party that was founded in the 1850s, primarily to oppose immigration and promote nativist policies. The party's members were known for their secretive meetings and hostility toward immigrants, particularly Catholics.

American Party

What is another name for the Know Nothing Party?

Know Nothing Party

What is another name for the American Party?

Catholic

What group of immigrants did the Know Nothing Party / American Party mainly target?

The Era of Good Feelings

A time during James Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity, there was no war, and there was only one political party (the Democratic-Republicans)

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. The tariff made American products more affordable and persuaded Americans to purchase U.S. products.

Henry Clay

Who came up with the idea for the American System?

Kentucky

What state was Henry Clay from?

The American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; the plan emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.