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buffers are created by a….
weak acid and CB or a weak base and CA
[H+]=
MaKa/[salt]
in the [H+] formula, you can use ____ instead of ____
number of moles, molarity
adding a common ion to a ____ decreases the percent ionization, and therefore the pH gets ____ to 7
weak acid or base, closer
M1V1=M2V2 is only true at….
the equivalence point
M1V1=M2V2 is used for….
dilution calculations
weak acid + strong base has a pH at the equivalence point….
above 7
weak base + strong acid has a pH at the equivalence point….
below 7
strong acid + strong base has a pH at the equivalence point….
equal to 7
at the half equivalence point for a “weak + strong” titration, pH=
pKa
when pH=pKa, then [HA]=
[A-]
more buffer capacity =
more moles of weak acid and CB (or weak base and CA)
2 ion solubility equilibrium
Ksp=x^2
3 ion solubility equilibrium
Ksp=4x^3
“x” = molar solubility in units of….
moles/liter
the larger the “x” value….
the more soluble the salt is
if Q > Ksp….
a precipitate forms
____ are always soluble in water and are usually the spectator ions in a chemical reaction
group 1 cations, NH4+, and NO3- salts
Note 
Flashcard (254)