Q 11

buffers are created by a….

weak acid and CB or a weak base and CA

[H+]=

MaKa/[salt]

in the [H+] formula, you can use ____ instead of ____

number of moles, molarity

adding a common ion to a ____ decreases the percent ionization, and therefore the pH gets ____ to 7

weak acid or base, closer

M1V1=M2V2 is only true at….

the equivalence point

M1V1=M2V2 is used for….

dilution calculations

weak acid + strong base has a pH at the equivalence point….

above 7

weak base + strong acid has a pH at the equivalence point….

below 7

strong acid + strong base has a pH at the equivalence point….

equal to 7

at the half equivalence point for a “weak + strong” titration, pH=

pKa

when pH=pKa, then [HA]=

[A-]

more buffer capacity =

more moles of weak acid and CB (or weak base and CA)

2 ion solubility equilibrium

Ksp=x^2

3 ion solubility equilibrium

Ksp=4x^3

“x” = molar solubility in units of….

moles/liter

the larger the “x” value….

the more soluble the salt is

if Q > Ksp….

a precipitate forms

____ are always soluble in water and are usually the spectator ions in a chemical reaction

group 1 cations, NH4+, and NO3- salts