IB Sports Science B.1.1.1 and B.1.1.2

Superior

Up or Above (The head is superior to the shoulders)

Inferior

Down or below (The pelvis is inferior to the chest)

Anterior

Front, or farther forward (The sternum is anterior to the spine)

Posterior

Back, or farther back

Distal

Far, or farther to body center (The toes are distal to the knees)

Proximal

Close, or closer to body center (The elbow is proximal to the wrist)

Medial

Closer to midline (The sternum is medial to the soldiers)

Lateral

Farther from midline

Intermediate

Between a medial and lateral structure

Internal

Farther from the surface, more inside

External

Closer to the surface

Axial

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebra, typically for protection

Appendicular

All the other bones, typically for movement and posture

Bone Functions

Protection, Posture, Attachment for muscles, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy storage

Skull

Protects the brain, eyes, ear canals. Has teeth, face, and cranium.

Vertebral column

Strength increases from top to bottom, bends to allow for movement. Thoracic is convex, lumbar and cervical are concave.

Rib Cage

Contains flat sternum and ribs which articulate to thoracic vertebra and some to the sternum.

Longitudinal Axis

Skewers you top to bottom, twisting / spinning (a gymnast doing a twist in the air)

Saggital Axis

Skewers you from front to back, side to side rotation (A cartwheel in gymnastics)

Frontal Axis

Skewers you from left to right, forward/backward rotation (a front flip)

Saggital Plane

A plane made up of saggital and longitudinal axis, but not frontal. A plane that would chip you to make a left and right. Raising arms to the front.

Frontal Plane

A plane that is made up of frontal and longitudinal axes, but not saggital. A plane that would chip you to make a front and a back. Raising arms to the side.

Transverse plane

A plane made up of the frontal and saggital axes, but not longitudinal. A plane that would chop you to make a top and bottom. Turning head to the side.

Flexion

Closing a joint angle (saggital plane, frontal axis)

Extension

Opening a joint angle (Saggital plane, frontal axis)

Abduction

Opening a joint angle (frontal plane, saggital axis)

Adduction

closing a joint angle (frontal plane, saggital axis)

Medial Rotation

toward midline (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)

Lateral rotation

away from midline (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)

Elevation / Depression

an upward / downward movement (e.g. shrugging shoulders)

Protraction / Retraction

anterior (forward) / backward movement (e.g. rounding shoulders forward/pulling them back)

Horizontal extension / flexion

medial / lateral rotation of a joint that was already flexed (pec flys)

Dorsflexion / plantar flexion

flexion/extension of the ankle (plantar flexion is pointing toes)

Eversion / Inversion

movement of the foot so that soles point out (eversion) or toward each other (inversion)

Pronation / Supination

rotation of radioulnar joint (pronation palms backward or down / supination palms forward or up)

Opposition / reposition

Touching the thumb to fingertips (opposition) / returning to resting

Circumduction

The circular movement of a joint (thumb/shoulder/hip)