Tudor Monarchs & English Reformation: Succession and Exploration, Exploration, Civilizations, and Navigational Advances in Early American History, European Exploration, Treaty of Tordesillas & Columbian Exchange Overview

Who was Henry VIII?

King of England from 1509 to 1547 who initiated the English Reformation.

What major religious change did Henry VIII initiate?

He started the Church of England.

Who succeeded Henry VIII on the English throne?

Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.

Who was Edward VI?

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, reigned from 1547 to 1553.

Who was Mary I?

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, reigned from 1553 to 1558.

Who was Elizabeth I?

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, reigned from 1558 to 1603, known as the 'Virgin Queen.'

What was the most significant reason for the lag in English exploration in the 16th century?

The English Reformation caused religious conflict and political instability.

What change occurred during Elizabeth I's reign regarding English exploration?

She encouraged a golden age of exploration and maritime expansion.

What significant colony was established during Elizabeth I's reign?

Jamestown in 1607.

How did Asian migrants first reach North and South America thousands of years before Columbus?

By crossing the Bering Land Bridge.

What two major factors most heavily influenced the societal development patterns of ancient cultures?

Geography and climate.

Where were the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations located?

Maya: Yucatan Peninsula, Aztec: Mexico (Tenochtitlán), Inca: Peru (Machu Picchu).

What crop did the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations all cultivate?

Maize (corn).

What were the '3 G's' of European exploration?

Gold: State wealth, Glory: Individual fame, God: Religious conversion.

What does the quote 'Religion supplied the pretext, gold supplied the motive' mean?

Religion served as the public justification for exploration, but economic gain was the true driving force.

What were three major navigational improvements during the Age of Exploration?

Caravel (ship design), Magnetic compass, Astrolabe.

How did religious conflict in Europe stimulate exploration?

The Protestant Reformation led Protestants to attack Catholic Church corruption, while Catholics sought to expand their reach and find new converts.

Who were Ferdinand & Isabella, and what was their major political achievement in 1469?

Rulers of Aragon and Castile who married to unite Spain.

What was the difference between the Spanish Inquisition and the Reconquista?

Inquisition: Effort to Catholicize Spain by forcibly converting Jews; Reconquista: Effort to Catholicize Spain by driving out Muslims.

Who was Christopher Columbus, and what was the historical significance of his 1492 voyage?

An Italian navigator whose voyages led to the European discovery and colonization of the Americas.

Who recognized that the lands Columbus reached were actually a new continent?

Italian cartographer Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the 'Americas' are named.

Why was Prince Henry the Navigator significant?

He established navigation schools in the 15th century that led to unprecedented navigation techniques.

What did Bartholomew Diaz achieve in 1487?

He was the first European explorer to sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

What did Vasco da Gama accomplish in 1498?

He was the first European to sail around Africa and reach India.

What was Ferdinand Magellan known for in 1522?

He led the first European expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A 15th-century treaty negotiated by Pope Alexander VI between Spain and Portugal that divided the new world.

What was the Line of Demarcation established by the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Spain received lands to the West; Portugal received lands to the East.

What was the historical significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Spain gained complete control over North and South America.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A late 15th-century trade network exchanging plants, animals, food, and diseases between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

What were the main movements in the Columbian Exchange?

Plants, food, animals, and diseases exchanged between Europe and the Americas.

What geopolitical outcome resulted from the Columbian Exchange among European nations?

It increased rivalries between European countries, especially Spain and Portugal.

What is a Conquistador?

A Spanish conqueror.

Who conquered the Aztecs?

Hernán Cortés in 1519.

Who conquered the Incas?

Francisco Pizarro in the 1530s.

What did Juan Ponce de León search for?

The Fountain of Youth in Florida.

What did Vasco Núñez de Balboa discover?

Panama.

What did Francisco Coronado explore?

Northern Mexico and the desert Southwest.

What area did Hernando de Soto explore?

The Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi Valley.

Why did English exploration lag behind other European nations?

Due to religious instability caused by the English Reformation.

Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?

An English explorer who funded the Roanoke colony in 1587.

What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

It diminished Spanish naval superiority and allowed England to become the dominant power in the North Atlantic.

What geographical feature were French explorers seeking?

The Northwest Passage.

What was the seasonal constraint for navigating the Northwest Passage?

It was navigable for only about four months of the year.

Who was Giovanni da Verrazano?

An Italian navigator sailing for France seeking the Northwest Passage.

What did Jacques Cartier accomplish?

He sailed down the St. Lawrence River.

What did Samuel de Champlain explore?

The Great Lakes.

What did Jolliet & Marquette explore?

The Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River.

What did Robert de La Salle do?

He sailed down the Mississippi River to Louisiana.

How was the New World in some ways more advanced then Europe?

They had complex societal organizations with cities, pyramid-temples, trade networks, irrigation, roads, and plumbing

How did the Protestant Reformation increase desire of exploration of the new world?

Caused religious conflict and a desire to spread religion. Protestants in northern Europe and Catholics in southern Europe.

What were some of the products and diseases shipped from Europe to the Americas?

Daisies, rice, sugarcane, horses, and smallpox

What were some of the products and diseases shipped from the Americas to Europe?

Black eyed Susan, pumpkin, turkeys, syphilis

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Dutch West India company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to make colonies in the Caribbean and South America

Viceroyalties

Governmentally structured colonies that were essentially extensions of Spain.

How much did Spain, England, French, and Dutch colonizers use indentured servants?

Spain rarely used indentured servants, but the Dutch, French, and English did often

hacienda

Spanish plantations

asiento system

Spanish contract to use African slaves

Encomienda system

16th century Spanish colonial labor system that granted settlers right to demand forced labor from indigenous groups in exchange, the Spanish were required to provide instruction in the catholic faith. Killed many natives and caused a shift to African labor, leads to the formation of the caste system, lead to strong protests (De las Casas)

repartimiento system

colonial forced labor program in Spanish America. Native communities had to supply a set percentage of their men to work temporarily on Spanish farms, in mines, and on public projects. Although workers were legally free and received low wages the system caused extreme abuse

Bartolome de Las Casas

Petitions the crown to change the encomienda system because of its cruelty

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human.

Valladolid Debate

The Valladolid Debate contributed to reforms of the encomienda system by strengthening legal protections for Indigenous peoples and limiting forced labor and hereditary encomiendas. However, Spanish colonists resisted these reforms, so the encomienda system continued despite the debate.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Where was France's land in the new World

Middle America and parts of Canada (New France)

What were France's relations with native Americans?

Formed military alliances with natives, intermarried and traded with natives (fur trade), used indentured servants and did not enslave natives, and did not force conversion of natives

French trading posts

Montreal, Detroit, and St. Louis. France held few permanent settlements mostly just posts to trade that were guarded by military

What were England's relations with native Americans?

Did not intermarry (kept bloodline pure), expelled natives from their land and did not enslave or trade with them

tobacco brides

Women were moved to the New World for free under the idea that, once married, the husband would pay the crown 150 pounds of tobacco in exchange for their passage

First Thanksgiving

Only peace between England & natives

patroonships

hierarchical Dutch system. Patron=provider for workers

What was the Dutch's relationship with natives?

Largely used indentured servants, traded and intermarried with natives, Dutch made money selling slaves but generally did not use them

How did tobacco farming cause conflict with natives?

Tobacco is an expansionary crop that requires fresh, southern soil. Expansion of farms required removal of natives

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Late 17th century rebellion led by a Pueblo chief, Pope, against the Spanish policy of forced conversion (encomienda). Though initially successful, the Spanish sent larger number of troops to quell local resistance which led to even more brutal treatment of the Native Americans.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610s-1640s)

Series of wars in early 1600s as a result of British encroachment on native land for tobacco expansion. Led to Powhatan's eventual removal from eastern Virginia.

Pequot War (1636-37)

An armed conflict between Pequot tribe and New England settlers over the influx of Puritans in the area during the Great Migration of the 1630s. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. Pquot were eliminated. The political authorities classified them as extinct.

King Phillip's War (1675)

Metacom (Wampanoag Chief) led a raid against 52 of 90 Puritan towns due to continued expansion of New England towns. Metacom was executed and his head was cut off and displayed for 20 years. Impact of the war was the effective removal of natives from New England.