Microm 461 Parasitology

Plasmodium

What genus causes Malaria?

P. vivax troph

schuffner’s dots

ameboid dancing trophozoite

found in RBCs

Ring

It is hard to distinguish the __ form of P.vivax from P. malariae. P. malariae may potentially be in smaller RBCs than P. vivax

merozoites

What is found in the schizont stage of both P.vivax and P.malariae?

12-24

How many merozoites are typically found in the Schizont stage of P. vivax?

6-12

How many merozoites are typically found in the Schizont stage of P. malariae?

gametocyte

The ____ stage of P. vivax is huge, stretching the RBC and has quite a few Schuffner’s dots

P. malariae

The trophozoite stage of _____ is less vivacious and “dancy” and usually takes up less of the RBC.

rosette

What pattern is typically made from the merozoites in the Schizont form of P. malariae?

gametocyte

the ___ form of P. malariae is hard to distinguish from P. vivax, other than having fewer Schuffner’s dots.

P. falciparum

The ring stage of ______ looks like headphones or can be smushed against the side of the RBC. Multiple can be within a single RBC. Parasitemia is often higher

trophozoite, schizont

We do not need to know about the ___ and ___ form of P. falciparum because this occurs in the periphery, usually because the RBCs are stuck in the capillaries. These forms are not used in diagnosis.

banana

The gametocyte form of P. falciparum is said to be shaped like a ?

P. vivax ring

P. vivax trophozoite

P. vivax schizont

P. vivax gametocyte

P. malariae ring

P. malariae trophozoite

P. malariae schizont

P. malariae gametocyte

P. falciparum ring

P. falciparum gametocyte

thin

We typically use ___ blood smears to diagnose Malaria infection.

thick

In ___ blood smears, we can usually only see the ring/form and trophozoite form of Malaria infections. We can’t use this to diagnose species.

male anopholes mosquito

hairier antenna, long palp

female anopholes mosquito

long palps

less hairy antenna

culex mosquites

shorter palps and less hairy antenna

female anopholes mosquitoes

What sex and species of mosquito is responsible for Malaria transmission?

Sporozoites

When a mosquito infected with a species of Plasmodium takes a blood meal from a human, what can it inject into the human?

Liver

What organ do Schizonts eventually rupture from within humans before the blood lifecycle of Plasmodium occurs?

Ring

Some RBCs in the ___ stage of the plasmodium blood life cycle mature into gametocytes, rather than trophozoites

gametocytes

When mosquitoes take a blood meal from a human infected with a Plasmodium species, what form of the Plasmodium does the mosquito take up?

Toxoplasmosis gondii tachyzoite

Tachyzoites

The form of rapidly dividing, toxoplasmosis gondii that occurs in tissue

“cleared area”

When looking for tachyzoites, you should scan for a ____ ____ within cells.

Bradyzoites

What is the most common form of toxoplasmosis gondii diagnosed in tissue of patients who never knew they were infected?

Toxoplasmosis gondii bradyzoite

Intestinal coccidia

Cryptosporidium parvum, cyclospora cayetensis, and cystoisospora belli are all ____ ____.

4-6

About how many micron are cryptosporium parvum in a modified acid fast slide?

Immediate infectiousness

Beside size, how can you differentiate cryptosporium parvom and cyclospora cayetensis?

Cryptosporium parvum

What species visualized in an Acid Fast staining is also said to be immediately infectious?

8-10

Cyclospora cayetensis is about how many micron?

Cystoisospora belli

What species visualized in an acid fast stain can be easily mistaken for yeast?

retain

The Cystoisospora belli ___ stain when washed with acid, while yeasts don’t

Cryptosporium parvum

immediately infectious

Cyclospora cayetensis

not immediately infectious

Cystoisospora belli

amastigote and promastigote

What forms of the parasite do you find when trying to diagnose Leishmania?

macrophages

Where do you see the amastigote form of Leishmania?

in the vector

Where do you see the promastigote form of Leishmania?

epimastigote and trypomastigote

What forms of the Trypanosoma bruci parasite do you find when trying to diagnose?

trypanomastigote, maybe amastigote

What forms of the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite do you find when trying to diagnose?

chronic

In people with ___ Chaga’s disease, we expect to find amastigotes in their skeletal muscle cells

undulating membrane

promastigotes have a flagella, but they typically do not have an ____ ____.

epimastigote

This form of parasite,has an undulating membrane that starts halfway down its body and a flagella

trypomastigote

What form of the parasitic lifecycle has a full undulating membrane and flagella?

trypomastigote

What form of Trypanosoma is typically used to diagnose infection clinically?

amastigote

What form of Leishmania is typically used to diagnose clinically?

sandflies

What is the vector for Leishmania?

promastigote

What form does Leishmania enter its human host in?

amastigote

What form does Leishmania taken up by vectors leave in?

host macrophages

In infections by Leishmania, where in do promastigotes mature into amastigotes?

Africa

Trypanosoma bruci is the form endemic to _____

tsete fly

What is the vector for T. bruci?

kissing bugs

What is the vector for T. cruzi?

Chagas disease

What disease does T. cruzi infection cause?

trypomastigote

What form of Trypanosoma does the tsete fly inject into human hosts?

binary fission

In T. bruci infections, ____ ____ occurs in the human host

In the vector

Where does the epimastigote form of T. bruci exist?

America

Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic in _____

trypomastigotes

What form of Trypanosoma cruzi does the kissing bug inject into its hosts?

amastigote

The ____ form of T. cruzi happens after it is taken up into cells. They break out of those cells and infect other tissuet

trypanomastigote

What form of T. cruzi do kissing bugs take up when they take a blood meal from an infected human?

midgut

Where in trypanosoma vectors do the epimastigotes mature into trypomastigotes?

cruzi

In this species of Trypanosoma, not all who get the disease show signs of disease uptake

Chronic Chagas disease

____ ____ ____ can cause heart, GI, and/or neurologic issues. Development of this and symptoms are due to host factors.

Amastigote

Promastigote

Epimastigote

Trypomastigote

Gross examination

determine the consistency and any gross abnormalities such as worm segments

direct wet mount

used to detect motile trophozoites of intestinal protozoa, motile Strongyloides spp., protozoan cysts and helminth eggs. Sample is suspended in saline, dilute iodine, or buffered methylene blue.

concentration

used to separate parasites from decal debris based on differences in specific gravity of parasite forms. Techniques used include formalin-ethyl acetate centrifugal sedimentation and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation.

trichrome

permanent stains of stool specimen are generally

pseudopodia

Amoebae both move and ingest material by forming extensions of the cytoplasm called?

Protozoa/Protozoan

What type of parasite are amoebae?

free-living

Most amoebae are ___-___ but some colonize the intestinal tract, living as parasites.

Balantidium

this species of intestinal parasites are ciliates

Protozoa/protozoan

What type of parasite are ciliates?

Ciliates

A group of parasites covered with cilia projecting from their surface

trophozoites and cysts

What morphological forms do intestinal amoebae alternate between?

trophozoite

What form of intestinal amoebae is the active, feeding form that colonizes the intestine?

cysts

When intestinal amoebae are shed in feces, they are shed in what form?

cysts

What form of intestinal amoebae survive in the environment and are the infective form because they survive passage through low pH of the stomach when ingested?

Entamoeba histolytica

Which of the intestinal amoeba is the pathogen of greatest concern, causing amoebic dysentry?

E. histolytica

Although it is atypical to find trophozoites in stool samples, the fast transit time through the intestines of what intestinal pathogen can lead to the appearance of trophs in stool as well as cysts?

Fecal contamination

The presence of non-pathogenic commensal amoeba is still important because it can indicate?

worms

Fecal samples are examined macroscopically for what?

ova and parasites

Fecal samples are examined microscopically for what?