BIO OAT

Purpose of ATP

Harness energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions

Epigenetic characteristics

• Heritable

• contributes to phenotypic

• influences gene expression

• can be modified by environmental factors

Not an Epigenetics Traits

Does not modify nucleotide sequences

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

• no mutations

• no gene flow

• no natural selection

• random mating

• large population

Which of the following prevents acetylcholine from remaining for too long in the synapse?

Acetylcholinesterase 

Where do viruses store genetic info

capsid

Earliest autotrophic cells

Anaerobic photosynthesizers; Cyanobacteria

A point mutation in the shell of a turtle results from a nucleotide change due to radiation. Which of the following best describes the likelihood of the turtle's progeny inheriting the mutation?

0%

Fast-block polyspermy occurs when

binding of a sperm with the ZP3 protein

Fast block polyspermy

• binding of a sperm with the ZP3 protein —> Depolarization

  • shortlived since Na diffuses back out

Slow block polyspermy occurs when

the depolarization of the fast block occurs

Slow Block Polyspermy

• Depolarization causes Ca 2+ release in cytoplasm

• triggers release of cortical granules enzymes

• zp3 is inactivatedand impermeable envelope made so longer lasting effect

Restriction Enzyme used on ____ or recognition site to insert DNA into plasmid vector

palindromic sequence

what is the product of spermatogenesis?

spermatozoa

*spermatogenesis is the process of spermatid becoming mature

T-lymphocytes needed for

cell mediated immunity

What is true of B lymphocytes and their role in immunity?

Can retain the memory of previously encountered antigen

Antibody- mediated or humoral immunity

Compounds secreted from the adrenal cortex action.

They bind to intracellular receptors and alter eukaryotic transcriptional regulation

type of hormone that adrenal medulla produces

catecholamines

(similar to peptide, deroved fr)

type of hormone adrenal cortex produces

steroid hormone

3 categories of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

• glucocorticoids: cortisol, cortisone

• mineralcorticoids : aldosterone

• androgens: testosterone an estrogen

Cortical reaction directly functions by

Formation of an impenetrable fertilization membrane

Where is the location of the electron transport chain?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Blood components

plasma, buffy coat, granulocytes, RBCs

Podocytes

in the Bowman’s capsule of the kidney

allows for filtration

White blood cell abundance

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

bilateral symmetry, body segmentation, and multiple pairs of jointed appendages.

Arthropoda

Pre-Embryonic Development

Zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation

Anaphase 1

46 chromosomes; 92 chromatids

Insect evolutionary advantages

• metamorphosis

• small size

• high reproductive rate

• multiple reproductive strategies

not open circulatory system

During the process of gastrulation, which structure is formed even in the most primitive organisms?

Gut Tube

What is the difference between male and female gametogenesis?

Oogenesis- one large gamete

spermatogenesis - 4 smaller gametes

Which of the following direct (non-tropic) hormones has a function that increases the rate of metabolism?

Thyroxine from thyroid

tropic secreted by hypothalamus

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis that attaches to the basement membrane?

Stratum Basale

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium (NH₄)?

nitrogen fixation

Which germ layer forms most of the peripheral nervous system?

ectoderm

Where does cyclic photophosphorylation occur?

Stroma Lamellae

The secretion of which hormone would be expected to decrease following surgical removal of the posterior pituitary gland?

Vasopressin (ADH) or Oxytocin

What molecule is completely removed from the filtrate and sent back to the blood?

glucose

Which of the following cells is the most differentiated?

Embryonic stem cell

In organisms such as birds and reptiles, the yolk sac contains nourishing yolk. However, in humans, the yolk sac serves a different purpose. Which of the following is its purpose in humans?

First site of red blood cell synthesis

Which part of the sarcomere contains myosin only?

H-zone

What structure does the telencephalon develop into?

Cerebrum

Where are embryonic stem cells derived from?

Blastocyst

An inability to produce lymphocytes would cause what type of disease?

immunodeficiency

Which of the following would be classified as a labile cell?

Epithelium of the skin

labile are cells that continuously multiply and divide

Which type of genetic material is made in the nucleolus?

rRNA

During embryonic development, what develops directly above the notochord?

Neural tube

Which of the following would be present in both a virus and E. coli bacteria?

Nucleic Acids  (RNA or DNA)

An individual loses a significant amount of weight, going from 300 lbs to 150 lbs. In what form is the majority of this weight lost?

Exhalation in the form of CO₂

An enzyme is added to a cell that destroys histone proteins. Which of the following would occur?

RNA polymerase will have better access to the chromatin

No need for Oxygen for these processes

glycolysis and fermentation

Which of the following correctly describes the state of a neuron at the start of depolarization as shown by the arrow?

 

Na⁺ channels are opened, K⁺ channels are closed

Limbic System function

learning and memory, emotion, the regulation of thirst, hunger, temperature

Limbic System Parts

hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.

Cerebellum function

motor control and balance

Amygdala

emotional memory

medulla

breathing and heart rate

cerebral cortex

motor and speech

transformation

bacterial process whereby bacteria takes DNA from surroundings

Aldosterone acts on

collecting duct and DCT

Which of the following occurs as a direct result of gastrulation?

Different parts of the embryo begin to interact with one another

4 secondary messengers

cAMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+

increase in any cause intracellular response

What does GnRH directly stimulate the release of?

LH and FSH

Which of the following is the first intermediate in glycolysis?

Glucose 6-phosphate

Which of the following would be present in paramecium and amoeba, but not human cells?

Contractile vacuole

If the Q10 value of an organism is 2, which of the following is true?

If the internal temperature of the organism was decreased by 10°C, the metabolic rate decreases by half

Which of the following occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Fix CO₂ into glucose

What is produced by light dependent

ATP and NADPH

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Steps

1. Carboxylation

2. Reduction

3. Regeneration

4. Carbohydrate Synthesis

Uses ATP and NADPH to fix co2 to glucose

True or False;RNA polymerase is necessary for transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryote

True

Where is the protein myosin primarily found?

Thick Filaments

A patient is unable to produce any antibodies. This is likely caused by a defect in which of the following types of cells?

B Cells

What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?

Missense

Which of the following organisms contains nucleated cells and has a predominantly haploid lifecycle?

Fungi`

Deuterostome coelous

Enterocoelous

What occurs during the repolarization period of an action potential in neurons?

K⁺ channels open, leading to an efflux of K⁺ out of the cell

What does a sperm’s head contain?

Sperm DNA

If a scientist wanted to convert DNA into smaller fragments, which of the following enzymes would be used?

Endonuclease

What duct carries bile directly into the gut?

Common bile duct

If actin were deficient in a cell, what would be the effect on the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis would be impaired

In contrast to a prokaryotic organism, which of the following is unique to eukaryotic gene expression?

Polyadenylation of RNA

What process in all living organisms including plants, bacteria, and animals?

GLycolysis

Which of the following layers of the skin is responsible for the production of new skin cells?

stratum germinativum aka basale

Of the following structures in the integumentary system, which is found only in class Mammalia?

hair

What adaptation do herbivores possess that allow them to survive primarily on plants?

long digestive tract

hormone detected in pregnancy

hCG

maintains corpus luteum

Which of the following describes the process of a group of cells directing the development of another group of cells?

induction

WHere does glycolysis occur

cytosol

Which of the following processes yields the most ATP?

electron transport chain

In humans when a female is born, the development of her oocyte is arrested in which of the following stages?

Prophase I of meiosis

What is characteristic of a tundra biome?

Low precipitation and low temperature

In which component of the eukaryotic cell does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondrial matrix

Organisms that belong to the Phylum Chordata possess all of the following structures at some point in their life

• notochord

• pharyngeal gill slits

• mucular postanal tail

In the fetal circulatory system, the ductus venosus allows blood to bypass which of the following?

liver

Most abundant and can cross placenta

IgG

Found in Breast milk and mucosa as a dimer

IgA

Pentamer, 1st antibodies produced

igM

What is the effect of progesterone at its peak?

thicken endometrial wall

During which process does the chromosome number become halved?

Meiosis I

regulation of the Lac operon?

When allolactose is present, it binds to and deactivates a repressor protein