honors bio dna

DNA

why do we study DNA?

All life on earth contains DNA and medical benefits for cures to diseases

what are mutations

Mutations are changes in the DNA from what is expected.

What can mutations effect

color of eyes, height, and blood type

Can mutations cause severe genetic disorders

yes they can

What positive changes can mutations effect

Height, camouflage, increased bone density, stronger immune system, better vision, and more.

What is cell proofreading

Cellular proofreading is a critical error-correction process that ensures the accuracy of genetic information during processes like DNA replication and protein synthesis.

Point mutations

single base changes leading to changes within the amino acid or protein being made

Substitution

replacement of one base by another

Insertion

placement of one or more extra nucleotide in the sequence

Deletion

removal of one or more nucleotide in the sequence

Inversion

two (or more) adjacent bases trading places

Deletion and Insertions…

on a larger scale will be more than a point mutation

Double Helix

twisted-ladder shape of DNA, formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

DNA is a very long polymer, that looks like a twsisted zipper this is called a double helix.

Silent

does not change the amino acid coded for this has no effect

Missense

results in a substitution of only amino acid

Nonsense

converts (A) into a stop signal

Novel

a new mutation never seen before in a specific gene

What are the four types of point mutation

Insertion,substitution,Deletion, and Inversion

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are made up of DNA and they are thread like structures found in the nucleus.

Frame shift mutation

Insertion or Deletion of one or more base pairs, this causes the reading frame to shift in one direction or the other.

What does a Frame shift mutation result in

Multiple missense and nonsense effects, or early stop

Genes

sections of DNA found on our chromosomes

DNA

DNA is the molecule that carries instructions for the development and functioning of all known organisms.

Histones

a type of protein that organizes DNA into nucleosomes, allowing the long strands of DNA to fit inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids

what is the polymer of a nucleotide

one strand of DNA

Thymine joins with what

A or adenine

A or adenine joins with what

T or Thymine

C or Cytosine joins with what

G or Guanine

Guanine or G joins with what?

C or Cytosine

How many bonds between Cytosine and Gaumine

3 bonds between Guanine and Cytosine

How many bonds between Cytosine and Adenine

2 bonds between cytosine and adenine

Anti parallel

2 DNA strands run opposite to one another

The 5' group has a free ___ group and the 3' group has a free _____ ?

Phosphate; deoxyribose

How many cells does the avg human have

75 trillion+

is DNA a chemical

yes becuase it is composed up of nucleotides

replication forks

Hundreds of Y shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules where new strands grow

What are chromosomes made of

Chromosomes are made up DNA wrapped in proteins called histones

What is the Monomer of DNA

nucleotide

DNA control

DNA controls everything

When does a cell need to copy DNA

when making new cells

Helicases

enzymes which catalyze the unwinding and separation of the parental double helix.

Single strand binding proteins

proteins which attach and help keep the separated strands apart

autosomes

Autosomes are all the pairs of chromosomes not including x and y

Homologous Chromosomes

Homologous Chromosomes are members of a chromosome pair

Diploid (2n)

is the total number of chromosomes with their pairs

Haploid(N)

number is half of the diploid number

What do chromosomes occur in

pairs

DNA Polymerase

The primer is where replication begins and DNA polymerase reads the nucleotide sequence & assembles a new DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction

Which chromosome is larger

the X chromosome is bigger

Which chromosome is smaller

the y chromosome

Nondisjunction

during cell division the cells do divide evenly

Okazaki fragments

Short DNA segments on the lagging strand.

lagging strand

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.

leading strand

The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction. (no stops)

Karyotypes

A picture of chromosomes during cell division aligned with their Homologous chromosome, it will show the sex of the offspring & chromosomal abnormalities

DNA ligase

will fill in the gaps & close the double helix