BIO 201 Lab 1

• Electrolyte balance is crucial to maintaining homeostasis and is one of the most important considerations in medical care. Even a small imbalance in electrolytes can disrupt:

1. Nerve transmission

2. Muscle contraction

3. Cardiac rhythm and function

• Key electrolytes involved in these processes include:

1. Sodium (Na⁺)

2. Potassium (K⁺)

3. Calcium (Ca²⁺)

4. Chloride (Cl⁻)

Anatomical Position

• the body is erect or standing upright

• feet slightly apart (shoulder width)

• face, body and palms facing forward (anterior/ventral)

• arms at the side and thumbs pointing away (laterally) from the body

Anterior: (aka ventral)

toward the front of the body.

Posterior: (aka dorsal)

toward the back/rear of the body.

Medial

means towards the midline or center of the body only. Not to be confused with the term median.

Lateral

away from the midline or center of the body.

Median

means towards the midline or the center of the body OR any body part or section that has left and right halves.

Superficial

means toward the surface of the body or skin

Intermediate

in-between the superficial and deep layers.

Deep

means away from the surface or toward the body’s interior, as close to the bones, cartilages, or organs. 

Is the sternum anterior or posterior to the heart?

Anterior

Is the vertebral column anterior or posterior to the stomach?

Posterior

Is the nose medial or lateral to the eyes?

Medial

Are the ears medial or lateral to the eyes?

Lateral

The sagittal suture is located along the __________ plane of the skull

Median

Is the skin superficial or deep to the muscles?

Superficial

If a structure is located between the skin and the bones, it is considered __________.

Intermediate

Are the ribs superficial or deep to the skin?

Deep

Proximal

toward the point of origin or something relatively close to the limb's point of attachment, such as the the shoulder, elbow, arm, wrist, hip, leg, knee, or ankle.

Distal

away from the point of origin or something farther away from the limb's point of attachment.

Superior

above another structure, region, or organ in the body.

Inferior

below another structure, region, or organ in the body.

Cephalic

toward the head or superior end of the body.

Caudal

toward the tail or inferior end of the body.

Abdominal region

The area over the abdomen that is inferior to the diaphragm & superior to the bony pelvis

Acromial region

The area over the lateral part of the shoulder that contains the acromion of the scapula

Antebrachial region

The forearm

Antecubital region

The anterior upper limb between the forearm & arm, over the elbow joint

Axillary region

The area in & around the axilla (armpit)

Brachial region

The anterior & posterior arm (between the elbow and the shoulder)

Buccal region

The lateral portions of the face corresponding to the cheeks

Calcaneal region

The heel of the foot

Carpal region

The wrist

Cephalic region

The entire head from the chin to the top of the head

Cervical region

The front & back of the neck (nape)

Cranial region

The top of the head or the portion of the skull that encases the brain

Crural region

The anterior leg or the shin

Digital region

The fingers or the toes

Femoral region

The thigh

Frontal region

The forehead

Gluteal region

The buttock

Inguinal region

The area along the inguinal ligament that divides the pelvis from the thigh

Lumbar region

The lower back

Mammary region

The area around the breast (not to be confused with the thoracic region)

Manual region

The general area of the hand

Mental region

The chin

Nasal region

The nose

Nuchal region

The ridge that runs along the back of the skull within the occipital region

Occipital region

The general area of the back of the skull

Oral region

The mouth

Orbital region

The area around the eye

Otic region

The area around the ear

Palmar region

The anterior hand (the palm of the hand)

Patellar region

The anterior part of the knee over the patella (kneecap)

Pedal region

The foot

Pelvic region

The anterior pelvis

Plantar region

The bottom of the foot

Popliteal region

The posterior side of the knee joint

Pubic region

The area over the pubic bone

Scapular region

The area over the scapula in the superior back

Sternal region

The area in the middle of the chest over the sternum

Sural region

The posterior part of the leg (the calf)

Tarsal region

The ankle region

Thoracic region

The general chest area (not to be confused with the mammary region)

Umbilical region

The area around the umbilicus (belly button)

Vertebral region

The area over the vertebral column (spine)

Upper limb

Upper limb

The entire portion of the body from the shoulder to the digits of the hand

Arm or Upper Arm

The portion of the upper limb from the shoulder to the elbow

Forearm

The portion of the upper limb from the elbow to the wrist

Thigh

The portion of the lower limb from the hip to the knee

Leg or Lower Leg

The portion of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle

serous membranes

thin layers of tissue composed of two layers and cells that produce a thin watery substance known as serous fluid

parietal layer

• This layer is attached to the body wall and its structures.

visceral layer

This layer is attached to specific internal organs, also known as viscera

• Serous Fluid: 

• Serves as a lubricant for the organs allowing them to move freely without friction within the cavity, some examples are pleural and pericardial fluids. 

• Serous Space:

• Serous fluid is found in a small space/gap between the parietal and visceral layer of specific serous membranes (examples are pleural space and pericardial space).

Body Cavities

The body is enclosed between two major cavities: anterior and posterior cavities:

Anterior/Ventral Cavity

Made up of two minor cavities, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, which contains organs/structures found in the anterior side of the body. The cavities are separated by a thin and flat horizontal muscle called the diaphragm.

Thoracic Cavity

A cavity located above the diaphragm and encases the organs/structures found in the chest only. Made up of three smaller cavities: mediastinum, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

Mediastinum

A large medial space between the lungs, that starts from the base of the neck to the diaphragm. It contains the heart, esophagus, great blood vessels, trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and some important nerves. 

Pleural Cavity

Two big separate lateral spaces that surround each lung. It contains the serous membranes called the parietal and visceral pleura, separated by a space called the pleural space. It also contains the serous fluid called pleural fluid.

Pericardial Cavity

A medial space between the lungs that contain the heart and other cardiac structures only. It contains the serous membranes called the parietal and visceral pericardium, separated by a space called the pericardial space. It also contains the serous fluid called pericardial fluid.

Note:

The heart is found both in the mediastinum and pericardial cavity. Pay attention to the inclusion of the word "only" in the question.