Neonatal Care, Medical Nursing, and Fluid Therapy: Unit Exam

A tacky to dry mucous membrane in a neonatal puppy or kitten is indicative of what level of dehydration?

A. 5-7%

B. 8-10%

C. 1-3%

D. More than 10%

A. 5-7%

Dehydration of 5 to 7 percent is apparent with the observation of tacky to dry mucous membranes.

Normal neonatal behavior for puppies and kittens involves

A. being awake throughout most of the day (80%) and playing vigorously for a short time every 2 to 4 hours.

B. being awake throughout most of the day (80%) and nursing vigorously for a short time every 2 to 4 hours.

C. sleeping 2 to 4 hours throughout the day and nursing vigorously most of the day (80%).

D. sleeping throughout most of the day (80%) and nursing vigorously for a short time every 2 to 4 hours.

D. sleeping throughout most of the day (80%) and nursing vigorously for a short time every 2 to 4 hours.

During the first week of life, newborn kittens and puppies sleep through most of the day (80%) and nurse vigorously for a short time every 2 to 4 hours.

In neonatal kittens and puppies, which of the following occurs first?

A. They demonstrate good postural reflexes

B. They open their eyes

C. Their ear canals open

D. They defecate without maternal stimulation

B. They open their eyes

They begin to open their eyes at age 7 to 12 days, and the external ear canals open at age 14 to 16 days. By age 3 weeks, puppies and kittens are able to stand and have good postural reflexes.

Kittens and puppies cannot urinate and defecate by themselves until they are 3-4 weeks old.

A rise in _____ occurs in mares near parturition.

A. colostral calcium

B. body temperature

C. body movement

D. urine calcium

A. colostral calcium

A foal should be delivered within _____ in Stage 2 of labor.

A. 4 hours

B. 30 minute

C. 2 hours

D. 1 hour

B. 30 minute

Delivery shouldn't exceed 30 minutes.

_____ is a term used to refer to a large foal with a longer-than-expected gestation.

A. Hypermaturity

B. Dysmaturity

C. Polymaturity

D. Extramaturity

B. Dysmaturity

Dysmaturity is an abnormally large foal born after more than the normal number of days of gestation (for example, 400 days).

The veterinary team should observe the foal passing _____ within a few hours after birth.

A. allantoic fluid

B. surfactant

C. meconium

D. mesenchyme

C. meconium

Meconium or “first feces” is the black, tar-like fecal material that is passed within a few hours after birth; some foals may require an enema to assist with initial defecation.

Which of the branches of herbal medicine is the most widely practiced in veterinary settings?

A. Ayurvedic

B. Traditional

C. Chinese

D. Western

C. Chinese

Herbal medicine is divided into three branches based on their country of origin: Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic. Chinese herbal medicine, which originated in China over 8000 years ago, is the most commonly used herbal medicine in veterinary medicine.

A patient is _____ immediately following veterinary spinal manipulative therapy (VSMT).

A. given a sedative

B. warmed with blankets

C. allowed to relax

D. massaged or walked

D. massaged or walked

Immediately after treatment, the technician may be asked to massage the patient or walk the animal for several minutes to help it “hold” the adjustment.

Which broad therapy is used to relieve pain and restore mobility and function?

A. Physiotherapy

B. Rehabilitation

C. Physical therapy

D. Restoration

B. Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation can be defined as relief of pain and restoration of mobility and function.

The term physical therapy (or physiotherapy) is more specific, referring mainly to the physical aspects of a disability or disorder.

_____ exercises are used when atrophy is present.

A. Proprioception

B. Therapeutic

C. Strengthening

D. Endurance

C. Strengthening

Strengthening exercises can target specific muscle groups, such as hamstrings and gluteals. They are used when atrophy is present or when increased strength in specific areas is desired.

A patient struggling with body awareness may be given which exercises?

A. Endurance

B. Strengthening

C. Therapeutic

D. Proprioception

D. Proprioception

Proprioception exercises help a patient develop better body awareness.

Therapeutic exercises are used to improve strength, balance, and coordination.

Endurance exercises focus on the cardiovascular system and are whole-body exercises. They may include walking, jogging, and swimming.

Strengthening exercises can target specific muscle groups, such as hamstrings and gluteals.

What percentage of electrolyte solution remains in the vascular space when administered?

A. 50%

B. 25%

C. 75%

D. 100%

B. 25%

When an electrolyte solution is administered, approximately ¼ will remain in the vascular space and ¾ will move into the `.

Fluid resuscitation administration should be titrated to effect based on clinical response. The best practice of this would be to

A. bolus the shock dose of fluids, and then measure urine output.

B. administer 1/4 of the shock dose every hours until stable.

C. administer the shock dose of fluids, and then weigh the animal.

D. administer 1/4 of the shock dose over 15 minutes, and then reassess for improvement in perfusion parameters.

D. administer 1/4 of the shock dose over 15 minutes, and then reassess for improvement in perfusion parameters.

Fluid administration should be titrated to effect based on clinical response. In the traditional approach to fluid resuscitation, this is typically achieved by giving some fraction of the shock dose over some period (e.g., ¼ over 10–15 minutes) and then reassessing for improvement in perfusion parameters.

Animals in diabetic ketoacidosis often present with

A. hyperkalemia

B. hyperpotassemia

C. hyponatremia

D. hypokalemia

D. hypokalemia

Patients may present with hypokalemia or may develop hypokalemia in the hospital for a variety of reasons. Hypokalemia can be seen with GI losses, such as vomiting or diarrhea, and with urinary losses. Specific causes include chronic renal failure, postobstructive diuresis, dialysis, hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing disease), diabetic ketoacidosis, and primary hyperaldosteronism.

When quantifying water loss in hospitalized patients. every gram of weight lost is equal to _____ of fluid loss.

A. 1 mL

B. 10 mL

C. 5 mL

D. 20 mL

A. 1 mL

Quantifying water losses can be accomplished by using collection devices (catheters, drains, etc.) or by weighing fluids (e.g., vomiting diarrhea, urination) collected in absorbable pads. This is achieved by weighing the soiled pads and subtracting the weight of the pads themselves. Then every gram of weight measured is equal to 1 mL of fluid loss.

The buoyancy property of water

A. decrease stress on joints

B. improves strengthening and proprioception

C. reduces edema

D. increases stress on joints

A. decrease stress on joints

The buoyancy of water decreases stress on the joints.

The hydrostatic pressure of water reduces edema.

The viscosity and surface tension of water improve strengthening and proprioception.

In which animals can an initial emergency blood transfusion be given without pretesting?

A. Horses and cats

B. Horses and dogs

C. Cats only

D. Cats and dogs

B. Horses and dogs

In horses and dogs, an initial emergency transfusion may be given without pretesting because the likelihood of naturally occurring RBC antibodies is low.

What's the recommended maximum blood donation for cats?

A. 11 to 15 mL/kg

B. 15 to 10 mL/kg

C. 5 to 10 mL/kg

D. 1 to 5 mL/kg

A. 11 to 15 mL/kg

The recommended maximum blood donation for cats is 11 to 15 mL/kg, and the standard blood volume collected is 50 to 70 mL.

It's normal to find _____ in the urine of neonatal puppies and kittens.

A. glucose

B. bacteria

C. red blood cells

D. white blood cells.

A. glucose

Because neonates have immature kidneys, it is normal to find urine specific gravity of 1.012 to 1.020, and the presence of glucose in the urine of puppies and kittens younger than 4 weeks of age.

Which of the following is true for dogs with to red blood cells (RBCs)?

A. A transfusion reaction is less likely after a first transfusion

B. The first transfusion will cause a transfusion reaction

C. A transfusion reaction is more likely after a first transfusion

D. The first first transfusion will cause alloimmunizations

A. A transfusion reaction is less likely after a first transfusion

Dogs do not typically have naturally occurring antibodies; therefore a transfusion reaction is less likely after a first transfusion of RBCs.

The placenta is considered retained if it isn't delivered within _____ hours.

A. 24

B. 3

C. 6

D. 2

C. 6

What's the average length of gestation in a mare?

A. 285 days

B. 6 months

C. 9 months

D. 340 days

D. 340 days

The normal gestational period in the mare is approximately 340 days; however, the gestational period (320–400 days) is quite variable among mares and even between sequential pregnancies in the same mare.

0.45% sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a/an _____ fluid.

A. colloid

B hypotonic crystalloid

C. isotonic crystalloid

D. hypertonic crystalloid

B. hypotonic crystalloid

Hypotonic crystalloids have an osmolality less than that of blood. Examples of hypotonic crystalloids are 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 0.45% NaCl (½ the strength of normal saline), and 0.45% NaCl with 2.5% dextrose (½ and ½).

In relation to it blood volume, what's the recommended maximum blood donation for dogs?

A. 15 - 20%

B. 5 - 10%

C. 25 - 30%

D. 20 - 25%

A. 15 - 20%

The recommended maximum blood donation for dogs is 15% to 20% of blood volume, or approximately 13 to 17 mL/kg.

PROM stands for

A. Power Range of Motion

B. Progressive Resistance of Muscle

C. Physical Rehabilitation of Muscle

D. Passive Range of Motion

D. Passive Range of Motion

Passive range of motion (PROM) is the use of stretching to prevent loss of normal ROM, return normal ROM if absent, increase cartilage nutrition in the joint, and stimulate cartilage regeneration.

What's the most commonly used massage stroke in animals?

A. Effleurage

B. Ischemic massage

C. acupressure

D. Trigger-point massage

A. Effleurage

Effleurage is most commonly used in animals and entails a gliding stroke that follows the contour of the body.

Donor horses should be weighed and should have packed cell volume/total protein (PCV/TP) measured before blood collection. Ideally, PCV should be greater than

A. 25%

B. 55%

C. 45%

D. 35%

D. 35%

Which water property is responsible for edema reduction?

A. Temperature

B. Pressure

C. Volume

D. Motion

B. Pressure

The buoyancy of water decreases stress on the joints.

The hydrostatic pressure of water reduces edema.

The viscosity and surface tension of water improve strengthening and proprioception.

The first indication that a neonatal puppy or kitten isn't doing well can be best determined by

A. noting a loss of weight or lack of weight gain

B. the skin turgor test

C. daily recording of rectal temperatures

D. measuring the urine specific gravity

A. noting a loss of weight or lack of weight gain

Weight loss, or lack of weight gain, is the first indication that a neonate is not doing well. Therefore proper identification and accurate, twice-daily weight recordings for each orphan will help ensure that a problem is identified before it is too late for treatment.

When performing massage therapy on horses, which of the following is a common sign that the animal is relaxed?

A. Swishing the tail

B. Opening the eyes

C. Hanging the head

D. Tachypnea

C. Hanging the head

Signs of relaxation include sighing, yawning, licking the lips, hanging the head (equine), burping, and flatulence.