BIOL2204 amalgamation of stuff

porifera

sponges

asconoid

simple water canal in sponges

syconoid

radial canal water system in sponges

leuconoid

highly folded water system in sponges with flagellated chambers

calcarea

• sponge class

• spicules made of calcium carbonate

• 2-4 rayed spicules

• vase shaped

• white, fawn or yellow

• any water channel arrangement

demospongiae

• sponge class

• spicules made of silica dioxide

• flexible spongin skeleton

• variously shaped spicules

• leuconoid mostly

• often colourful and complex

hexactinallida

• sponge class

• multiple of 6 rayed spicules

• silica spicules, often fused

• tube or vase shaped

• glass sponges

• white usually

homoscleromorpha

• sponge class

• spicules are either small and silica, or non-existent

• often 4 rayed spicules

• small, thin or encrusting

cnidaria

jellyfish

polyp

cnidarian life stage with upward facing tentacles

medusa

cnidarian life stage with downward facing tentacles

hydrozoan

• cnidarian class

• polyp dominant, medusa reduced

• often colonial

• velum - muscular shelf

• not true jellyfish

• blue bottles

scyphozoan

• cnidarian class

• medusa dominant, polyp reduced

• round bell

• no velum

• thick mesoglea

• true jellyfish

cubozoan

• cnidarian class

• medusa dominant, polyp present

• box shaped bell

• velarium present

• complex eyes

• directional swimming

• box jellyfish

anthozoan

• cnidarian class

• polyp only, medusa absent

• radial or biradial symmetry

• central mouth

• anemone, coral

octocorallia

• anthozoan subclass

• 8 pinnate tentacles

• 8 mesenteries

• soft coral, sea fans

hexacorallia

• anthozoan subclass

• 6 smooth tentacles

• 6 paired mesenteries

• stony corals, sea anemones

ctenophora

comb jellies

platyhelminthes

flat worms

nemerteans

ribbon worms

annelida

segmented worms

polychaetae

• annelid class

• bristle worms

• parapodia, chaetae/bristles

• head and trunk

• palps, tentacles and antennae

• eversible pharynx

echiura

• polychaetae sub-class

• spoon or tongue worms

• unsegmented

• proboscis cannot be retracted

• no parapodia

sipuncula

• polychaetae sub-class

• peanut worms

• unsegmented

• large coelom

• eversible introvert, often armed with hooks or tentacles

• looped gut

mollusca

soft bodied animals, without a backbone, often protected with a hard shell

polyplacophora

• mollusc class

• chitons

• 8 overlapping dorsal plates

• reduced head

gastropoda

• mollusc class

• snails, slugs

• one shell, often coiled, but may be cap-shaped, reduced or absent

• distinct head

bivalvia

• mollusc class

• muscles, scallops, pippies

• two hinged valves

• reduced head

scaphododa

• mollusc class

• curved, tubular shell, open at both ends

• reduced head

cephalopoda

• mollusc class

• octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus

• external shell only in nautiluses, internal cuttlebone or pen in many forms (shell absent)

• large head and beak

lophophorata

groups containing a lophophore - a specialised ring or horseshoe shaped feeding organ consisting of a set of hollow, ciliated tentacles that capture tiny food particles and move them toward the mouth

bryzoans

sea mats, moss animals

phoronida

horseshoe worms

brachipoda

lamp shells

ecdysozoa

groups that undergo ecdysis - a biological process of shedding or moulting the outer body layer, cuticle or exoskeleton to allow for growth

nematoda

round worms

priapulida

penis-worms

arthropoda

animals with segmented bodies, jointed appendages and hard exoskeletons

crustacean

• arthropod subphylum

• head, thorax and abdomen - head and thorax are often fused to form a cephalothorax

• two pairs of sensory antennae - antennules and antennae

• three pairs of mouth parts - mandible and maxillae

• paired, biramous appendages

• prawns, crabs, isopods

chelicerata

• arthropod subphylum

• cephalothorax/ prosoma (combined head and thorax) and opisthosoma (abdomen)

• lack antennae and mandibles

• uniramous appendages

• first pair of appendages for feeding

• horseshoe crabs and sea spiders

merostomata

• chelicerata class

• horseshoe crabs

• two parts hinged and a strong tail spine

• 5 pairs of legs for scuttling and digging

• flattened appendages

• thin book gills

pycnogonia

• chelicerata class

• sea spiders

• 8 legs that make up most of the animal

• gut and reproductive systems extend into the legs

• legs also absorb oxygen and release waste

• long proboscis

chaetogonatha

arrow worms

echinodermata

spiney skinned beings

crinoidea

• echinoderm class

• feather stars

• arms have pinnules

• cup shaped mouth facing up

• open ambulacral groove

• no suckers on tube feet

• anus on oral surface

• no external madreporite

echinoidea

• echinoderm class

• urchins

• spines

• dome shaped complete test

• closed ambulacral grooves

• madreporite and anus on aboral surface

• suckers on tube feet

asteroidea

• echinoderm class

• sea stars

• mouth facing down

• arms are not clearly demarked from central disc

• open ambulacral groove

• madreporite and anus on aboral surface

• suckers on tube feet

ophiuroidea

• echinoderm class

• brittle stars

• articulated arms clearly demarked from central disc

• closed ambulacral groove

• madreporite on oral surface

• no anus

• no suckers on tube feet

holothuroidea

• echinoderm class

• sea cucumbers

• closed ambulacral groove

• skeleton reduced to ossicles

• internal madreporite

• aboral anus

• suckers on tube feet

hemichordata

acorn worms and pterobranches

cephalochordata

lancelets

tunicata

sea squirts

agnatha

• jawless fish

myxini

• agnatha class

• hagfish

• one continuous dorsal fin

• subterminal mouth

• vestigial eyes

• 4 hearts, partially open circulatory system

• 1-16 external gill slits

pteromyzontida

• agnatha class

• lampreys

• 1-2 dorsal fins near the tail

• functional eyes

• terminal mouth

• 1 heart

• 7 external gill slits

anapsid

skeleton with no post-orbital openings, found in turtles

synapsid

skeleton with one post-orbital opening, the lateral temporal opening, found in mammals

diapsid

skull with two post-orbital openings, the lateral temporal and dorsal temporal, found in aves and reptiles (sauropsids)

chondrichthyes

class - cartilagenous fish

elasmobranchii

• chondrichthyes sub-class

• sharks and rays

• 5-7 gill openings

• dermal denticles (placoid scales)

• jaws attached to skull with ligaments

holocephalii

• chondrichthyes sub-class

• chimaeras or rabbit fish

• upper jaw fused to the skull

osteichthyes

boney fish

actinopterygii

• osteichthyes sub-class

• ray finned fish

• swim bladder

actinistia

• osteichthyes sub-class

• lobe-finned fish

• incomplete vertebral column

• hollow fin rays

• pectoral and pelvic fins are limb like

tetrapoda

• 4 limbs

• pentadactyl plan

• separate digits

gnathostomata

• super-class

• jaws

• true teeth

• paired appendages

carnivora

• class of marine mammals

• sea otters and polar bears

pinnipedia

• order of marine mammal

• seals, sea lions, walrus

sirenia

• order of marine mammals

• dugongs and manatees

cetacea

• order of marine mammals

• whales and dolphins