Cell Biology and Organelles Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering cellular organelles, cytoskeleton components, cellular processes, and physiological set points from the Chapter 1-8 lecture notes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A bumpy organelle involved in lipid synthesis, as well as sorting, modifying, and shipping proteins in and out of the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that helps regulate elemental set points like calcium, conducts carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxifies toxins such as alcohol, drugs, and medications.

Calcium ($Ca^{2+}$)

An element on the periodic table stored and regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum within a specific set point range in the body.

Lysosomes

Organelles responsible for cell eating that absorb foreign bacteria, sort and ship products, and can trigger programmed cell destruction by releasing enzymes.

Apoptosis

A controlled, programmed cell death process inside the cell, triggered by lysosomes to automatically destroy abnormal or defective cells created during mitosis.

Cancer

An abnormal growth of cells.

Perioxoles

Organelles that assist in detoxifying toxins like drugs and play a role in fat metabolism for energy production.

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars that represent the body's first energy source used during activities like working out.

Cytoskeleton

Cellular structural components that give the cell its shape.

Microtubules

The thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton, composed of tubulin, which form cilia and flagella.

Cilia

Structures formed by microtubules in the trachea and lungs that float upwards to expel mucus, toxins, and bacteria, and also help move an egg down the fallopian tube.

Flagella

A tail-like cellular structure formed by microtubules that aids in cell locomotion.

Microfilaments

Cytoskeletal structures that transport organelles and work with myosin during muscle contraction.

Nucleus

The cell structure with a double membrane and nuclear pores that carries all genetic DNA and contains a central area where ribosomes are located.

Chromatin

The DNA contained within the cell's nucleus.