Afro American History Midterm

El Mina (The Mine)

This is where the Portuguese established trade relations with African rulers. Gold and slaves were traded here.

Cape Verde and Sao Tome

Also landmarks for selling and buying slaves

Matthew Restall’s Three Catergories of Slaves

1. Slaves sent to work in the mines/agriculture

2. Slaves sent to work in the house or under their master (this group had greater freedom of movement)

3. African Conquistasors; Slaves who accompanied their master in explorations and battles (these slaves were likely to gain their freedom later for helping aid in conquests)

Juan Garrido (African Conquistador)

1. departed from Seville for a Spanish expedition to the America’s

2. Participated in the Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico and Cuba and fought with the Spanish against the Carib Indians

3. Went on two expeditions to Florida w/ Ponce de Leon (1513 and 1521)

4. Served under Hernan Cortes in the army that conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico

Maroons

Slaves who were runaways and attempted to form their own separate communities in the mountains

privateers

European government ships used to overtake and raid the slave ship of a rival enemy

What were the surnames of slaves in the mid-Atlantic colony of New Netherland?

Schuyler and Van Wagener

What were the surnames of slaves in Florida?

Estevan and Menendez

What were the surnames of slaves in South Carolina?

Ebo Sylvia and Angola Ame

What was the surname of slaves in New Orleans?

Louis Congo

What did the different types of surnames suggest about slaves?

it suggested that slaves could speak English, Dutch, Spanish, French, and multiple pidgin languages

in the seventeenth century, who were the enslaved people that New England, New France, and South Carolina profited off of?

Indians and Africans

Before the English founded the Virginia colony at Jamestown in 1607, people of African descent took part in the settlement of where?

Florida

The early black participation in America’s colonization resulted from what?

• Spain’s dominant role in the slave trade from Africa to the Western Hemisphere

• the presence of individual free slaves, black conquistadors, and settlers

What name did Spain give present day Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia

“La Florida”

Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon

• In 1526, he brought 200 Spanish settlers from Santo Domingo to form a colony in North America

• San Miguel de Guadalupe was created, which is now Sapelo Sound in Georgia today.

What did historian Michael Gannon say about Africans who survived and did not return to the Caribbean with white people?

he said they became the first Old World settlers in what is now the United States

What new colonies were all products of colonizing decision made by the English Crown?

• Carolina (1663)

• New Jersey (1664)

• Pennsylvania (1681)

• Delaware (1682)

When did the first Africans arrive at the British colonies in Virginia?

in August 1619, on a ship called the White Lion

Indentured Servitude

A contract where a person works for a period of time. When finished, they receive food, tools, and land

Indentured servants worked alongside Africans and receieved the same harsh treatment. True or False?

True!

Black indentured servants worked longer than white indentured servants before gaining freedom. True or False?

True! For example, Anthony Johnson’s indentured servitude lasted 20 years compared to the normal 7 year period for white indentured servants

Who was the first black person to be documented as a slave in the colonial record?

John Punch

A tax law in 1643 that was Virginia's first statute calling for racial differentiation premised on the…

distinction between English and African women

What is the oldest successful European settlements established by the Spanish in North America?

St. Augustine

Blacks were listed as _____ in the American census counts of 1623 and 1624.

Servants

Slaves participated in the formation of colonies in North America in which order?

1. Mission led by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon to establish San Miguel Guadalupe

2. The expedition led by Panfilo de Narvaez to settle the area near present day tampa

3. The mission for establishing St. Augustine in North America by Spain

The development of slavery in the Dutch colony in order

1. The Dutch West India company founded the colony as a strategic imperial beachhead and commercial outpost

2. The Dutch West India company introduced slaves into its trading port, New Amsterdam

3. The Dutch captured key portugues ports in Africa (Elmina and Axim)

4. The Dutch held Angola and claimed critical African ports from which they shipped Africans to the New World

n Virginia, the legalization of slavery occurred in response to _____

growing labor shortage

Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century, what did comprehensive legal codes proscribe in the North American continent?

• Slave mobility

• manumission

• interracial mixing

What are the factors that created labor needs in Virginia

• Declining numbers of English men and women willing to be indentured servants

• High death rates due to diseases before 1640

• The growing disinclination on the part of whites toward the enslavement of American Indians

The 1680 Virginia slave law forbade to slaves…

freedom of assembly

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in 1676

• Nathaniel Bacon organized and led the rebellion

• Accused colonial officials of failing to protect settlers from indian raids

What was the outcome of Bacon’s Rebellion?

The colonial government moved to outlaw interracial contacts of all sorts

The 1680 Virginia slave law borrowed heavily from?

English practices in the Caribbean

New York Slave Laws in order:

• The New York colonial legislature established a law stating that slaves caught traveling forty miles North of Albany were to be executed

• The New York colonial legislature stated that baptism of a slave did not grant them freedom

• A law was created that made arson punishable by death and restricted slave manumissions

The 1682 Virginia slave law required church wardens to read which slave codes twice a year?

1680 and 1682