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jim crow laws

Were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the Confederate States of America

Substantive Due Process

asks the question of whether the government's deprivation of a person's life, liberty or property is justified by a sufficient purpose. constitutional law that allows courts to establish and protect certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if only procedural protections are present or the rights are unenumerated elsewhere in the U.S.

The Equal Protection clause

of the Fourteenth Amendment has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics. The Fourteenth Amendment also overturned the Three

Penumbras

a right or set of rights implicit but not expressed in the U.S. Constitution or Bill of Rights: The principle of the penumbra protects against an imperfect, or incomplete, enumeration of rights.

Strict Scrutiny

the highest level of judicial review. Under it, the government must advance a compelling, or extremely important interest, often advanced in the least

Selective incorporation

the piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court affirmed that almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments.

Fourteenth amendment

all people born or naturalized in the United States are now citizens and are subjected to the laws and jurisdiction of the United States government.

Discrimination

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

De Jure Segregation

Purposeful discrimination by the government. De jure or de iuria is latin from/by law.

De Facto Segregation

The separation of groups that happens even though it is not required or sanctioned by law. Rather than an intentionally legislated effort to separate the groups.

Civil Rights

They're guarantees of equal social opportunities and protection under the law, regardless of race, religion, or other characteristics. Examples are the rights to vote, to a fair trial, to government services, and to a public education.

Suspect Categories

Any legislation involving race, ethnicity, religion or legal aliens faces strict scrutiny.

Quasi Suspect Classification

Examples include laws permitting alimony for women and a law providing for an all-male draft. 

Preclearance

In 2013, the Supreme Court overturned a provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that required certain Southern states to obtain federal “preclearance” before they changed their voting laws or practices

Privileges and immunities clause

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Letter From Birmingham jail

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. justified the civil rights movement by referring to natural rights.

Civil rights act of 1964

legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate

Voting Rights act of 1965

legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states.

24th Amendment

prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.

Enforcement Clause

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Nineteenth amendment

a 1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

Right to privacy

given to same sex couples under the 14th amendment. The right of persons to be free from unwarranted publicity. Unwarranted appropriation of one's personality. Publicizing one's private affairs without a legitimate public concern.

Poll tax

taxes placed on polls that were placed in effort to bar african americans from voting, part of disenfranchisement.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or territories.

Fifteenth Amendment

Guarantees that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, and thus they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens.

Civil Rights Cases

five landmark cases in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not empower Congress to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution if the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal.”

Brown v. Board of Education(1954)

which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Brown v. Board of Education II

The Court issued a follow up decision the next year, in 1955. In what is now known as *Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II,*31 the Warren Court urged compliance with *Brown I* “with all deliberate speed,” a contradictory word choice. The Court placed federal district court judges in charge of desegregation efforts. Some southern district court judges were not sympathetic to the Court’s ruling and tried to slow down compliance with it.

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Title XI

legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs.

Shelley v. Kraemer

enforcement of racially restrictive covenants were a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth

Loving v. Virginia

ruled that laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Heart of Atlanta v. United States

hotels did not have the right to discriminate against black guests under Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Frontiero v. Richardson

benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex

Craig v. Boren

having different ages at which men and women can drink alcoholic beverages was against the Equal Protection Clause, administrative sex classifications were subject to intermediate scrutiny

United states v. Virginia

struck down long-standing male-only admission policy of the Virginia Military Institute in a 7–1 decision. 

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Reed v. Reed

A case in which the Court established the unconstitutionality of the Idaho Probate Code that stated "males must be preferred to females. Equal protection applies to the states.

Stanton v. Stanton

Utah's definitions of adulthood as a violation of equal protection: females reached adulthood at 18; males at 21

J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.

peremptory challenges based solely on a prospective juror's sex are unconstitutional.

Obergefell v. Hodges

the fourteenth amendment proctors against the government denying marriage between two people of the same sex.

Bostock v. Clayton County

Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because they are gay or transgender.

Griswold v. Connecticut

gives marital privacy, women want to get birth control. protects the liberty of married couples to buy and use contraceptives without government restriction.

Roe v. wade

Constitutional right to privacy

Shelby County v. Holder

The Fourteenth Amendment protects every person's right to due process of law. The Fifteenth Amendment protects citizens from having their right to vote abridged or denied due to "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The Tenth Amendment reserves all rights not granted to the federal government to the individual states. Article Four of the Constitution guarantees the right of self