Psychology Midterm Review

Sensorimotor stage

birth to 2, develop stranger anxiety and object permanence

Preoperational

2 to 6/7, develop pretend play and egocentrism

Concrete operational

7 to 11, develop conservation and math

Formal operational

12 to adulthood, develop abstract logic and complex moral reasoning

Erikson's infancy

0 to 1, trust v mistrust

Erikson's toddlerhood

1 to 3, autonomy v shame/doubt

Erikson's preschool

3 to 6, initiative v guilt

Erikson's elementary

6 to puberty, competence v inferiority

Erikson's adolescence

teens to 20s, identiy v role confusion

Erikson's young adult

20s to 40s, intimacy v isolation

Erikson's middle adult

40s to 60s, generation v stagnation

Erikson's late adult

60s on, integrity v despair

Operant conditioning

training associated with reinforcement of behavior through positive and negative consequencesC

Classical conditioning

training associated with connecting two unrelated stimuli to produce the same response/reaction

3 Stage of Memory (words)

Encoding, storage, retrieval

3 Stage of Memory (processes)

Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory

Sensation

process where our sense receive and represent the environment's stimuli

Perception

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information into recognizable input

Absolute Threshold

minimum amount of stimuli to be able to detect it 50% of the timeT

Top-down Processing

creating meaning from perceptions based on past experiences and expectations (output thoughts)

Bottom-up Processing

going from the senses and working its way up to information processing (input data)

Depressants

limit brain functions; alcohol, heroin, opiates, barbiturates

Stimulants

increase brain function and chemical production; caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, (ecstasy)

Hallucinogen

creates vivid imagery and heightened emotions; LSD, marijuana, (ecstasy)

Anxiety

persistent or distressing anxiety or maladaptive behaviors in order to cope with anxiety

Panic Disorder

anxiety disorder with intense episodes of dread while feeling chest pain, choking, or horror

PTSD

haunting memories, nightmares, social change, or anxiety following a traumatic experience

Depression

lasting loss of interest or pleasure

Bipolar Disorder

alternating periods of mania and severe depression

Schizophrenia

experience delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, or inappropriate emotional responses

Dissociative Disorder

conscious awareness separated from previous thoughts or mood, can develop into multiple personalities

Psychodynamic

reduce anxiety through memory and feeling interpretation

Client-Centered

active listening encouraging reflection to enable growth and awareness

Behavioral

use conditioning to adapt behaviors and extinguish old habits

Cognitive

train to reject old thinking and promote healthy thoughts

Cognitive-behavioral

train to counter and act differently to promote healthier thinking and behavior

Group/family

develop family or relational understanding to heal broken or misinterpreted relationships