7. What happens when we speak multiple languages

Know Nothing Party

“native-born” Protestants defending traditional religious and political values

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers

1889 Bennet Law

“No school shall be regarded as a school, under this act, unless there shall be taught therein, as part of the elementary education of children, reading, writing, arithmetic and United States history in the English Language”

subtractive bilingualism

replacing the knowledge of two languages with one language

California Proposition 227

(1998, repealed in 2016) elimination of bilingual classes

“monolingual ideology”

Indian Boarding Schools

punishment for speaking indigenous languages

“monolingual ideology”

heritage language user (narrow definition)

those who have been exposed to a particular language in childhood at home and that language is not the dominant language of society

heritage language user (broad definition)

those who have been raised with a strong cultural connection to a particular language usually through family interaction