Marketing and Pricing Strategies Test 3 11-16

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These flashcards cover key concepts and terminology related to marketing, pricing strategies, and communication methods as outlined in the lecture notes.

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107 Terms

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Calculating the total unit cost of providing a product and adding a specific amount to arrive at a price.

Cost-plus pricing

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Setting prices to achieve a profit that is a specified percentage of sales revenue.

Target return-on-sales pricing

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Methods for setting price that focus on competition.

Competition-oriented pricing approaches

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Setting a price dictated by tradition or competitive factors.

Customary pricing

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Selling a product below its customary price to attract customers' attention.

Loss-leader pricing

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A graph that shows the maximum number of units sold at a given price.

Demand curve

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The percentage change in quantity demanded relative to a percentage change in price.

Price elasticity of demand

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The quantity at which total revenue and total cost are equal.

Breakeven Point

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Money received from the sale of a product—the product of price and quantity.

Total revenue (TR)

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The sum of expenses that do not change with the quantity sold.

Fixed cost (FC)

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The sum of expenses that vary directly with the quantity produced.

Variable cost (VC)

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Variable cost expressed on a per unit basis.

Unit variable cost (UVC)

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The total expense incurred to produce and market a product.

Total cost (TC)

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Technique that analyzes the relationship between total revenue and total cost to determine profitability.

Break-even analysis

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A conspiracy among firms to set prices for a product.

Price fixing

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Charging different prices to different buyers for goods of like grade and quality.

Price discrimination

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Price deals that mislead consumers.

Deceptive pricing

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When a firm offers a very low price on a product to attract customers, then tricks them into purchasing a higher-priced item.

Bait and switch

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Charging a very low price for a product to drive competitors out of business.

Predatory pricing

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Replacing promotional allowances with lower manufacturer list prices to decrease average consumer prices.

Everyday low pricing (EDLP)

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Return on Investment; ratio of sales revenues to those of the industry.

ROI

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Network of individuals and firms that make a producer's product available to end users.

Marketing channel

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An individual or firm that assists manufacturers in distributing products to end users.

Intermediary

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An intermediary who sells to other intermediaries, usually retailers.

Wholesaler

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An intermediary who sells to consumers.

Retailer

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An intermediary with the legal authority to act on behalf of the manufacturer.

Agent or broker

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A marketing channel with no intermediaries between the producer and the end user.

Direct channel

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A marketing channel with at least one intermediary between the producer and the end user.

Indirect channel

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Strategy of using two or more channels to reach different buyers of the same product.

Dual distribution

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Strategy of combining mutually reinforcing communication and delivery channels.

Multichannel marketing

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Conflict arising when one channel member believes another is hindering its goals.

Channel conflict

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Activities required to move product inputs and finished products through the supply chain.

Logistics

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Tendency to exaggerate inventory needs in response to unpredictable demand.

Bullwhip effect

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Process of reclaiming reusable materials from the point of consumption.

Reverse logistics

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Distribution density where a firm tries to place its products in as many outlets as possible.

Intensive distribution

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Distribution density where a firm selects a few retailers in a specific area to carry its products.

Selective distribution

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Distribution density where only one retailer in a specific area carries the firm's products.

Exclusive distribution

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A producer owning an intermediary at the next level down in the marketing channel.

Forward Integration

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A retailer producing some of its own products.

Backward Integration

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Medium used to transmit the message from the sender to the receiver.

Channel of communication

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Frame of reference that influences how messages are encoded and decoded.

Field of experience

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Extraneous factors that distort communication.

Noise

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Combination of communication tools to inform and persuade prospective buyers.

Promotional mix

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Designing marketing communications programs that provide consistent messaging.

Integrated marketing communications (IMC)

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Any paid form of nonpersonal communication by an identified sponsor.

Advertising

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Two-way flow of communication designed to influence a purchase decision.

Personal selling

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Communication management aiming to influence public perception.

Public relations

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Nonpersonal, indirectly paid presentation of an organization or product.

Publicity

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Short-term inducement of value to encourage product interest.

Sales promotion

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Direct communication with consumers to generate a response.

Direct marketing

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Directing promotional mix to channel members to gain cooperation in product stocking.

Push strategy

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Directing promotional mix at consumers to encourage them to ask retailers for a product.

Pull strategy

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Group of prospective buyers toward which a promotion program is directed.

Target audience

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Sequence of stages a prospective buyer goes through from awareness to action.

Hierarchy of effects

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Loyal consumers recommending brands to others.

Advocacy (Consumer)

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Spending set as a percentage of past or anticipated sales.

Percentage of sales budgeting

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Spending set to match competitors' spending or relative market share.

Competitive parity budgeting

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Spending on promotion occurs only after all other expenses are covered.

All-you-can-afford budgeting

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Budget determined by setting promotion objectives and calculating task costs.

Objective and task budgeting

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Outcome of a direct marketing offer motivating people to visit a business.

Traffic generation

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Result of direct marketing offers generating interest in a product.

Lead generation

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Results that contain all the information necessary for a purchase decision.

Direct orders

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Any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization or product.

Advertising

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Advertisement that focuses on selling a specific product.

Product advertisement

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Advertisement designed to build goodwill or a positive image for an organization.

Institutional advertisement

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Advertisement that informs people about a new product category.

Pioneering (or informational) advertisement

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Advertisement promoting a specific brand based on its features.

Competitive (or persuasive) advertisement

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Form of a competitive advertisement showing a brand's strengths relative to competitors.

Comparative advertisement

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Reinforcement of previous product knowledge during the maturity stage.

Reminder product advertisement

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Assures users of a product they made the right choice.

Reinforcement advertisement

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States a company's position on an issue.

Advocacy (Institutional) advertisement

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Announces what a company is or where it is located.

Pioneering institutional advertisement

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Promotes advantages of one product class over another.

Competitive institutional advertisement

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Reinforces previous knowledge about a company or organization.

Reminder institutional advertisement

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Sales tools supporting advertising directed to ultimate consumers.

Consumer-oriented sales promotions

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Short-term price reductions used to increase trial among potential customers.

Deals

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Voucher for a discount on a particular product at purchase time.

Coupon

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Partial refund on a product purchase after proof of purchase is submitted.

Rebate

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A product offered for free or at a greatly reduced price.

Sample

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Promotion offering a premium as a customer accumulates purchases.

Loyalty Program

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Game requiring analytical or creative effort to win a prize.

Contest

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Games of chance requiring no effort to win a prize.

Sweepstake

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Signage displaying products where purchase decisions are made.

Point-of-purchase (POP) display

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Using a brand-name product in media to promote it.

Product placement

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Suggests consumers can avoid negative experiences through product purchase.

Fear appeal

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Implies a product will increase the user's attractiveness.

Sex appeal

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an Approach to communication that Implies a product is more exciting than competitors' offerings.

Humorous appeal

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Number of different people or households exposed to an advertisement.

Reach

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Percentage of households in a market watching a specific media.

Rating

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Average number of times someone in the target audience sees an ad.

Frequency

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Reach multiplied by frequency.

Gross rating points (GRPs)

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Cost of reaching 1,000 individuals with an advertising message.

Cost per thousand (CPM)

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Advertising run on a steady schedule year-round.

Continuous (or steady) schedule

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Periods of advertising scheduled between no advertising periods.

Flighting (or intermittent) schedule

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Schedule combining flighting with a continuous schedule.

Pulse (or burst) schedule

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Ad testing showing respondents an ad and asking about their exposure.

Aided recall

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Ad testing determining how well respondents remember an ad without prompts.

Unaided recall

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Message broadcast on media using space/time donated by the channel.

Public Service Announcement

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Informational meeting with media to announce new products or changes.

News conference

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Announcement about changes providing media with story ideas.

News release