respiratory systems

define breathing rate

the number of breaths a person takes in a minute 

define tidal volume

the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal resting breath

define minute ventilation

the total volume of air inspired or expired in one minute

what is the resting breathing rate value for an untrained and trained individual

12 breaths per min

what is the resting tidal volume value for an untrained and trained individual

500 ml

what is the resting minute ventilation value for an untrained and trained individual

6 l/min

what is the sub max breathing rate value for an untrained and trained individual

40 breaths per min

what is the maximal breathing rate value for an untrained and trained individual

50 breaths per min

what is the sub max tidal volume value for an untrained and trained individual

3000 ml

what is the maximal tidal volume for an untrained and trained individual

3000 ml

what is the sub max minute ventilation value for an untrained and trained individual

100 l/min

what is the maximal minute ventilation value for an untrained individual

100 l/min

what is the maximal minute ventilation value for a trained individual

200 l/min

what are the 4 parts of a sub max graph for any respiratory measurement

anticipatory rise, rapid increase, plateau, rapid decrease

what are the 4 parts of a maximal graph for any respiratory measurement

anticipatory rise, rapid increase, plateau, rapid decrease, slower decrease

describe the process of inspiration at rest

active process

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

rib cage moves up and out

size of thoracic cavity increase

pressure in lungs decreases lower than atmospheric

air is forced in

describe the process of expiration at rest

passive process

diaphragm and external intercostals muscles relax

ribs move down and in

volume in thoracic cavity decreases

pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric

air is forced out

describe the process of inspiration during exercise

active process

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract harder

sternocleidomastoid recruited 

rib cage moves up and out further

size of thoracic cavity increase further 

greater decrease in pressure in the lungs compared to atmospheric

more air is forced in

describe the process of expiration during exercise

active process

diaphragm and external intercostals muscles relax

rectus abdominus contracts 

ribs move down and in further 

volume in thoracic cavity decreases more 

greater pressure increase in the lungs compared to atmospheric

more air is forced out

describe how inspiration is regulated at rest

the RCC in the medulla oblongata contains the ICC

the ICC is active and sends out nervous impulses

impulses are sent to the external intercostal muscles via the intercostal nerve

impulses are sent to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve

the inspiratory muscles contract causing rib cage to move up and out

describe how expiration is regulated at rest

the RCC in the medulla oblongata contains the ECC

the ECC is not active

there is no nervous stimulation as expiration is a passive process at rest

expiration occurs as the lungs elastically recoil and inspiratory muscles relax

describe how inspiration is regulated during exercise

ICC receives info from chemo receptors - increase in lactic acid and decrease in 02

ICC becomes more active

ICC sends out more frequent impulses

inspiratory muscles contract harder

stimulation is also sent to the sternocleidomastoid

increasing tidal volume 

describe how expiration is regulated during exercise

stretch receptors send info to ECC about increase lung inflation

ECC becomes active

ECC sends stimulation to the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus causing them to contract

this increase breathing rate and tidal volume

how is oxygen transported in the blood

3% dissolved in plasma

97% combined with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

how is co2 transported in the blood 

7% dissolved in plasma 

23% combined with haemoglobin to for carbaminohaemoglobin 

70% combined with water to form carbonic acid 

describe gaseous exchange at rest at the external site

high pco2 in the capillary blood diffuses into the alveoli where there is low pco2

high po2 in the alveoli diffuses into the capillary blood where there is low po2

describe gaseous exchange at rest at the internal site

high pco2 in the muscles diffuses into the capillary blood where there is low pco2

high po2 in the capillary blood diffuses into the muscles where there is low po2

describe the gaseous exchange of co2 during exercise at the external site

capillary blood has higher pco2 than at rest

the alveoli has a low pco2

co2 moves from the capillary blood into the alveoli

more co2 diffuses compared to at rest as there is a steeper diffusion gradient

describe the gaseous exchange of o2 during exercise at the external site

capillary blood has a lower po2 than at rest

alveoli has a high po2

o2 moves from the alveoli to the capillary blood 

more o2 diffuses compared to at rest as there is a steeper diffusion gradient 

describe the gaseous exchange of o2 during exercise at the internal site

po2 in muscles is lower than a rest

high po2 in the capillary blood 

o2 moves from the capillary blood to the muscles 

more o2 diffuses compared to at rest as there is a steeper diffusion gradient 

describe the gaseous exchange of co2 during exercise at the internal site

pco2 in muscles is higher than a rest

low pco2 in the capillary blood 

co2 moves from the muscles to the capillary blood

more co2 diffuses compared to at rest as there is a steeper diffusion gradient 

what is the Bohr shift

where the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation graph shift to the right

how many 02 molecules can haemoglobin carry

4

define dissociation and where does it readily occur

oxygen being unloaded from haemoglobin

the respiring tissues

define association and where does it readily occur

oxygen being loaded onto haemoglobin

at the alveoli

what happens as a result of the Bohr shift

increase in CO2 lowers the pH which distorts the haemoglobin molecule making it harder for oxygen to bind