DENTMAT_LEC_DENTAL WAXES_PHILIPS_13TH_ED

A thermoplastic polymer that can be molded with or without a slightly elevated temperature and retain the new shape when cooled to room temperature.

Wax

A type of wax that are used for altering and adapting impression trays.

Utility Wax

Waxes for dental procedures are a blend of?

Natural and synthetic waxes

These are waxes that are taken from plants, insects, animals, or minerals (including petroleum).

Natural waxes

These are waxes made by the synthesis of polymers or the modification of natural waxes.

Synthetic waxes

These are mostly mixtures of hydrocarbon.

Mineral-based waxes

These contain hydrocarbons with ester and some with alcohol or acid.

Natural waxes

Typically composed of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and chlorine.

Synthetic waxes

Are more uniform than natural waxes in their structure and more homogeneous in composition.

Synthetic waxes

It creates unique working characteristics for the intended application.

Blending of natural waxes and synthetic waxes along with other additives.

Added to provide a contrast of wax patterns against the hues of teeth, dies, and model surfaces.

Coloring agents

Useful for aesthetic case presentations to patients.

Ivory-colored wax

Can be added to control expansion and shrinkage of the wax product.

Fillers

Derived from fractions of petroleum, and is a colorless or white, somewhat translucent hard wax with a wide range of melting or softening temperatures.

Paraffin

It flakes when trimmed and does not produce a smooth, glossy surface.

Paraffin wax

Derived from a heavier petroleum fractions, has a higher melting point, crystallizes in small plates, and is tougher and more flexible than paraffin waxes.

Microcrystalline

A natural resin, improves the smoothness in the molding of paraffin-based wax and renders the wax resistant to cracking and flaking.

Gum dammar

A very hard wax with an agreeable odor from carnauba palm trees, has a relatively high melting point that decreases the flow of paraffin at mouth temperature and improves the glossiness of the wax surface.

Carnauba wax

True or False. Certain synthetic waxes can be used in place of carnauba wax.

True

It is a plant-based wax that has the same effect as carnauba wax with a lower melting point.

Candelilla wax

Is extracted from ozokerite, a waxy mineral mixture with a somewhat unpleasant odor.

Ceresin

May replace part of the paraffin to modify the toughness and carving characteristics of the wax.

Ceresin

Dental waxes can be classified into:

1. Pattern wax
2. Processing wax
3. Impression wax

These are used in fabricating dental restorations.

Pattern waxes

These are used to form the outline of a prosthesis, which is to be constructed of a more durable material such as cast alloys, hot-isostatically pressed ceramics, or compression molded resins.

Pattern waxes

What are the types of pattern waxes?

1. Casting wax
2. Inlay wax
3. Baseplate wax

These are used to fabricate wax pattern for crowns, inlays, and bridges.

Inlay wax

It contains different waxes, such as paraffin, ceresin, carnauba and beeswax.

Inlay wax

Type I

Direct technique wax

Type II

Indirect technique wax

It serve the same purpose as inlay wax but are used to make patterns for the metallic framework of removable partial dentures.

Casting waxes

Most of these waxes contain no synthetic material and have more high-molecular-weight molecules; this allows the wax to have excellent sculpting characteristics, quick cooling down, and the ability to remain opaque even in the molten state to lend better control during wax-up.

Casting waxes

It is used to build the contours of a denture and hold the position of the denture teeth before the denture is processed in acrylic.

Baseplate wax/record base wax

It is used to establish the initial arch form in the construction of complete dentures.

Baseplate wax

What are the three types of baseplate wax?

Type I - soft wax
Type II - medium wax
Type III - hard wax

A type of baseplate wax that is soft at room temperature and is used for contouring dentures or veneers.

Type I Soft Wax

A type of baseplate wax that is used for pattern production in the mouth in normal climatic conditions.

Type II Medium Wax

A type of baseplate wax that is the hardest and is used for trial fitting in the mouth in tropical climates.

Type III Hard Wax

It is used in various auxillary role in the fabrication of models and impressions and in soldering.

Processing wax

Its role is primarily in simplifying the dental procedures for constructing a variety of devices and appliances, in the clinics or in the laboratory.

Processing wax

What are the types of processing wax?

1. Boxing wax
2. Beading wax
3. Utility wax
4. Sticky wax

These are soft pliable waxes used primarily in taking and pouring of impressions.

Boxing wax

It is intended for enclosing an impression before a stone cast is poured.

Boxing wax

It is used around the periphery of an impression tray to reduce irritation of the tray on the soft tissues or to extend the tray before the impression is taken.

Utility wax

It is a moldable wax that can adhere to various dry surfaces when pressed on.

Utility wax

It transforms a standard perforated impression tray for use with hydrocolloids into a more desirable contour and protects soft tissue from the periphery to extend or post dam impression trays.

Utility wax

It is an orange-colored wax in the form of stick, which is tacky when melted but firm and brittle when cooled.

Sticky wax

It is used to assemble metallic or resin pieces temporarily in position or to seal a plaster splint to a stone cast in the process of forming porcelain facings.

Sticky wax

Used as a wax veneer over an original impression to register the detail of soft tissues in functional state.

Corrective impression wax

Used for accurate articulation of certain models of opposing arches.

Bite registration wax

What are the desired properties of pattern waxes?

1. The wax should be uniform when softened.
2. The color should contrast with die materials or prepared tooth.
3. The wax should not fragment into flakes or similar surface during carving after cooling.
4. The wax must not be pulled away by the instrument or chip during carving.
5. During the burnout phase, the wax must burn completely by oxidizing residual carbon to volatile gases. Ideally, the wax should not leave a solid residue that amounts to more than 0.10% of the original weight of the specimens after the burnout phase.

It is a measure of the degree of permanent deformation of the material at a given temperature below the melting temperature of the wax.

Flow

A type of inlay wax where the wax should must have a relatively high flow a few degrees about mouth temperature so that the wax is workable but not uncomfortably warm when placed in the mouth of the patient.

Type I Inlay Wax

Indicates the hardening of the wax

Below 65 degrees C

Indicates that the wax is becoming solid

Below around 48 degrees C

Is measured by subjecting cylindrical specimens to a designated load at the stated temperature and measuring the percentage of reduction in height.

Flow

What are the properties of waxes?

1. Melting range
2. Flow
3. Thermal Expansion
4. Residual Stress

It is the area of variation between UPPER and LOWER limits on a particular scale.

Range

Lower end of the range

FEW components melt

Highest end of the range

ALL components of wax will melt

Is highly dependent on temperature and time.

Flow

A type of wax where flow is generally not desirable at room temperature, since it results in a permanent distortion.

Pattern Wax

Have the highest coefficient of thermal expansion of any dental materials.

Waxes

Is the stress remaining in a wax as a result of manipulation during heating, cooling, bending, carving, or other manipulation.

Residual Stress

It causes an irreversible deformation that can destroy the fit of the wax pattern.

The release of the residual stress at higher temperature.

This wax is used to produce patterns for metal dental castings for lost wax technique.

Inlay wax

Used to adapt border of impression tray.

Utility wax

Used to construct metal framework of partial and complete dentures.

Casting wax

The temperature where this characteristic change occurs.

Glass-transition temperature

30 gauge, green, not brittle on cooling

Class II

Used to align fractured parts of acrylic dentures.

Sticky wax

Wax tend to return to their original shape after manipulation.

Elastic memory

Adapted around the impression borders to create the land area of the cast.

Beading wax

A wax pattern made in the mouth for producing wax inlay patterns.

Direct Technique

Used to build up vertical walls around the impression.

Boxing wax

Results from occluded air in the pattern, physical deformation

Wax distortion

Boxing waxes are being supplied as

Long (40cm) strips that are 4-5cm wide and 0.1cm thickness

It results from occlude air in the pattern, physical deformation (during molding, carving, or removal), release of stresses "trapped" during previous cooling, excessive storage time and extreme temperature changes during storage.

Distortion of wax pattern

Waxes tend to return partially to their original shape after manipulation.

Elastic memory

Storage of a wax pattern for too long can lead to a distortion of its form because of?

Stress relaxation effects

It is supplied in 1-2mm thick red or pink sheets.

Baseplate Wax

Give the composition of baseplate wax.

Paraffin wax - 70-80%
Bees wax - 12%
Carnuaba wax - 2.5%
Resins - 3%
Synthetic wax - 2.5%

In baseplate wax, the harder the wax,...?

The less the flow at a given temperature.

Type of baseplate wax that is used for building veneers and contouring dentures.

Type I soft wax

Its use is to establish vertical dimension, plane of occlusion and initial arch form in the technique for the complete denture restoration.

Baseplate wax

To form all or a portion of tray itself.

Baseplate wax

Used to produce desire contour of the denture, after teeth are set in position.

Baseplate wax

These waxes are available in the form of sheets, usually 28 and 30 gauge (0.40 and 0.32mm) thickness, ready-made shape, and in bulk.

Casting wax

A classification of casting wax:
28 gauge, pink, flow of about 10% at 35 degrees C, easily adaptable to 40 to 45 degrees C

Class I

A classification of casting wax:
30 gauge, green, minimum flow of 60% at 38 degrees C, adapts well to the surface, not brittle on cooling.

Class II

A classification of casting wax:
Readymade shapes, blue

Class III

At what degree will casting wax be burnout leaving no carbon residue?

500 degrees C

A type of processing wax wherein if movement occurs, the wax tends to fracture than distort.

Sticky wax

It is sticky when melted, with a max of 5% flow at 30 degrees C and 90% at 43 degrees C, and adheres closely to the surface when applied to it.

Sticky wax

It is used to align fractured parts of acrylic dentures.

Sticky wax

It is used to align fixed partial denture units before soldering.

Sticky wax

It is a type of processing wax that can be used to alter the stock tray extensions.

Utility wax

A type of processing wax supplied as sheets and strips.

Boxing and Beading wax

Is adapted around the impression borders to create the land area of the cast.

Beading wax

Wax in combination with resins of low melting point can be used in corrective impression technique in partial and complete denture prosthesis.

Corrective wax