anatomy week 2 vocab- axial skeleton

active movement

preformed by the client

passive movement

client is relaxed, we move their body

active assisted movement

performed by client as well as provider

resisted movement

you provide gentle resistance to the client's movement

axial skeleton consists of

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

axial skeleton functions include:

transfer and absorption of external forces.

mobility and stability

protection of spinal cord and organs

sections of the vertebral column from superior to inferior:

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

the cervical vertebrae consists of

7 vertebrae C1-C7

the thoracic vertebrae consists of

12 vertebrae T1-T12

the lumbar vertebrae consists of

5 vertebrae L1-L5

sacrum consists of

5 fused vertebrae S1-S5

the coccyx is

about 4 fused vertebrae

the cervical portion should have a ___ curve

lordotic

the thoracic portion of the spine should have a ___ curve

kyphotic

the lumbar section of the spine should have a ___ curve

lordotic

the sacral portion of the spine should have a ____ curve

kyphotic

the natural curve of the spine should make an ___ shape

S

extreme lordosis

excessive inward curve, swayback/standing up to straight

extreme kyphosis

excessive outward curve, humpback/round-back- hunched forward

true and moveable vertebrae

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

false or fixed vertebrae

sacrum and coccyx

vertebral body

made up of largely spongy (cancellous) bone to absorb compressive force, anterior

vertebral arch

attachments for muscles and ligaments, levers for action of muscles, sites of articulation for adjacent vertebrae

the vertebral arch is made of

lamina and pedicles

Pedicule

come off of the anterior vertebral body

lamina

form the main arch of the vertebral arch. the lamina is traditionally between the transverse and spinous processes

spinous process projects:

posteriorly and inferiorly

transverse process extends:

laterally where the lamina and pedicle intersect

transverse processes main function:

muscle attachment

superior/inferior facets

articulations stemming from pedicles and laminae

vertebral foramen

opening that provides protection for the spinal cord

intervertebral foramen

passage for spinal nerves and blood vessels to emerge laterally from the spinal cord

intervertebral disc

shock absorber and stabilizer. allows some movement. made up of the annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus.

annulus fibrosis

fibrous tissue that encases the nucleus pulposus (outer layer)

nucleus pulposus

gelatinous substance of the intervertebral discs, inner layer

Atlas

C1, has no vertebral body or spinous process. lateral masses are connected by anterior/posterior arches supporting the skull

Axis

C2, has the Dens that projects upward through the atlas' foramen to serve as a vertical pivot for rotation

Atlantooccipital joint

"yes joint", provides initial movement for flexion and extension, condyloid joint

atlantoaxial joint

"no joint", provides initial movement for rotation, pivot joint

cruciate ligament is AKA

transverse ligament

the cruciate ligament __

stabilizes the dens process of C2 posteriorly on the anterior arch of C1

alar ligament

prevents excessive rotation at the atlanto-axial joint by inserting into the suboccipital condyles

tectorial membrane

continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament

identifying factors of Cervical spine (C3-C6)

triangular vertebral foramen, transverse foramen, short bifid spinous process

identifying factors of C7

no BIFID spinous process, easily palpable prominent spinous process.

the vertebral artery leaves out of the C6 transverse foramen

the vertebral artery does not use the transverse foramen of C7

C1-C2 accounts for ___ movement in the sagittal plane and ___ movement in the transverse plane.

25% sagittal and 50% transverse

C2-C7 accounts for ___ movement in the sagittal plane and ___ movement in the transverse plane.

75% sagittal and 50% transverse

the 6 joints with articulating surfaces are:

symphyses between 2 vertebral bodies, 2 superior facet joints, 2 interior facet joints

intervertebral discs consist of:

annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

the intervertebral discs purpose is

to provide attachments between bodies and provide limited movement

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) function

prevents hyperextension

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) function

prevents hyperflexion

Facet joints AKA

zygapophyseal joints

facet joints are between ___ and they ___.

superior and inferior processes and they determine mobility and planes of motion

Ligamentum flavum function

stability between laminae of adjacent vertebrae, limits flexion

Supraspinous ligament function

Connects tips of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum, limits flexion

Nuchal ligament

attaches from external occipital protuberance to C7, limits flexion

Interspinous ligament function

connects between of spinous processes, limits flexion

intertransverse ligament function

connects between transverse process, limit lateral flexion

Flexion of the C-spine results in

UPGLIDE--> opening of facet joints--> increased space between intervertebral foramen

Extension of the C-spine

DOWNGLIDE--> closing of facet joints--> decreased space between intervertebral foramen

Rotation and Lateral Flexion in the C-spine are:

Ipsilateral couple, rotation and lateral flexion occur simultaneously at some degree from C3-C7

What happens on the ipsilateral side in the C-spine during rotation and lateral flexion

downglide

what happens on the contralateral side in the C-spine during lateral flexion and rotation

upglide.

The cervical spine can move in ___ planes.

all three. coronal, sagittal, and transverse.

The thoracic spine can move in ___ planes.

1 plane. transverse, mostly rotational.

The lumbar spine moves in __ planes.

2 planes. coronal and sagittal.

key characteristics of thoracic vertebrae:

body is heart shaped. long spinous processes. costal facets to attach ribs.

sternum are made up of:

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

first 7 ribs

true ribs, directly link to sternum through costal cartilage

ribs 8-10

false ribs, attach to the sternum through costal cartilage of rib 7

Ribs 11-12

floating ribs, no bony connection to the anterior sternum

costochondral joint

between rib and costal cartilage

sternocostal joint

connection between costocartilage and sternum

costovertebral joint

connection between ribs and vertebral body

Constotransverse joint

connection between ribs and transverse processes

The head of the ribs connects to the

vertebral body of the thoracic vertebrae

the tubercle of the ribs connects to the

transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

characteristics of lumbar vertabrae:

largest, big bodies, triangular vertebral foramen

quiet ventilation

sedentary activity, low metabolic demands

quiet inspiration

occurs when diaphragm increases intrathoracic volume

quiet expiration

PASSIVE

forced ventilation

strenuous activity, high metabolic demands require rapid exchange of oxygen

forced inspiration and forced expiration

requires musculature from abdominals and accessory muscles to perform

accessory muscles are used when

a more rapid or deeper inhalation is required or because of a disease