Overview of Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/53

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

54 Terms

1
New cards

Virus structure

A virus consists of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, and sometimes an envelope.

2
New cards

Size of viruses

Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nm.

3
New cards

Viral capsids

Viral capsids determine the shape of viruses and may be helical, polyhedral, or a combination of both.

4
New cards

Complex/combination viruses

Viruses that have capsids with both polyhedral and helical characteristics.

5
New cards

Bacteriophages

Examples of complex viruses with a polyhedral 'head' and a helical 'tail.'

6
New cards

Enveloped viruses

Viruses surrounded by an outer envelope of plasma membrane derived from the host cell.

7
New cards

Example of an enveloped virus

HIV is an example of an enveloped virus.

8
New cards

Lytic cycle

A viral reproductive cycle where the virus forces the host cell to replicate viral particles and then lyses (destroys) the host cell to release new viruses.

9
New cards

Stages of the lytic cycle

Includes attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.

10
New cards

Lysogenic cycle

A viral reproductive cycle where the viral genome becomes integrated into the host DNA and is replicated along with bacterial DNA without immediately destroying the host.

11
New cards

Temperate viruses

Viruses that do not always destroy their hosts and can undergo a lysogenic cycle.

12
New cards

External conditions affecting temperate viruses

External conditions like UV or X-rays can cause them to revert to a lytic cycle.

13
New cards

Retroviruses

RNA viruses that have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the viral RNA genome into DNA.

14
New cards

Example of a retrovirus

HIV is an example of a retrovirus.

15
New cards

Human diseases caused by DNA viruses

Smallpox, herpes, warts, chickenpox.

16
New cards

Human diseases caused by RNA viruses

Influenza, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, COVID-19.

17
New cards

Human diseases caused by retroviruses

AIDS (caused by HIV).

18
New cards

Prokaryotic cell structure

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

19
New cards

Components of prokaryotic cells

They have a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and genetic material in a nucleoid region.

20
New cards

Common shapes of bacteria

Bacilli: rod-shaped, Cocci: spherical, Spirochete: spiral-shaped.

21
New cards

Gram-positive cell walls

Have a thick peptidoglycan layer and stain purple with Gram stain. Lack an outer membrane.

22
New cards

Gram-negative cell walls

Have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Stain pink with Gram stain.

23
New cards

Transformation

A genetic recombination mechanism where bacteria take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their genome.

24
New cards

Conjugation

A genetic recombination mechanism where bacteria transfer DNA directly between cells through a pilus connecting two bacteria.

25
New cards

Transduction

A genetic recombination mechanism where bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus (bacteriophage).

26
New cards

Autotrophs

Synthesize their own food using light (photoautotrophs) or chemicals (chemoautotrophs).

27
New cards

Heterotrophs

Obtain energy from organic compounds.

28
New cards

Saprotrophs

Decompose dead organic matter.

29
New cards

Parasites

Live off other organisms.

30
New cards

Antibiotic resistance

The ability of bacteria to withstand antibiotics, often through mutation or acquisition of resistance genes.

31
New cards

Contributing factors to antibiotic resistance

Include overuse of antibiotics and improper medical treatments.

32
New cards

Crenarchaeota

Mostly extremophiles that live in very hot or acidic environments, like hot springs and hydrothermal vents.

33
New cards

Euryarchaeota

Includes methanogens (produce methane), halophiles (live in high salt concentrations), and thermophiles (live in high temperatures).

34
New cards

Monophyletic group

A group of organisms that includes the most recent common ancestor and all its descendants.

35
New cards

Paraphyletic group

A group of organisms that includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants.

36
New cards

Coenocytic

A multinucleate cell or hypha that lacks septa (cross walls), allowing cytoplasm and nuclei to flow freely.

37
New cards

Pseudopodia

Temporary projections of the cell membrane used by some protists for movement and feeding.

38
New cards

Flagellum

A long, whip-like structure used for movement by some cells and organisms.

39
New cards

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures found on the surface of some cells, used for movement or to move substances across the cell surface.

40
New cards

Gametangia

Structures or organs that produce gametes in fungi, algae, and plants.

41
New cards

Hyphae

Filamentous structures that make up the body of a fungus.

42
New cards

Mycelium

The network of hyphae that forms the body (thallus) of a fungus.

43
New cards

Plasmogamy

The fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells without the immediate fusion of nuclei, a step in fungal sexual reproduction.

44
New cards

Karyogamy

The fusion of nuclei, typically following plasmogamy in fungal sexual reproduction.

45
New cards

Unikonta

Includes animals, fungi, and some amoebas.

46
New cards

Archaeplastida

Includes land plants, green algae, and red algae.

47
New cards

Excavata

Includes various flagellated protists.

48
New cards

SAR

Includes brown algae, golden algae, diatoms, ciliates, and foraminiferans.

49
New cards

Ascomycota

Fungi characterized by the production of ascospores, which are produced in a microscopic sac called an ascus.

50
New cards

Basidiomycota

Fungi characterized by the production of basidiospores on club-shaped structures called basidia.

51
New cards

Chytridiomycota

The only fungi with flagellate cells, most are decomposers.

52
New cards

Zygomycota

Fungi that produce zygospores.

53
New cards

Dikaryotic hyphae

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct nuclei within each cell (n + n).

54
New cards

Lichens

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus (usually an ascomycete) and a photoautotroph (green alga, cyanobacterium, or both).