CRJU 302 Policing 1 (chap 1)

Frankpledge System

A historical legal framework developed in England around 1066, where groups of ten men, known as tithings, collectively ensured the enforcement of community laws and kept watch over each other. This system had a significant impact on early policing by creating a form of communal responsibility for legal compliance.

Sheriff

An official originally adapted from the 'shire reeve' in medieval England, appointed by the king to maintain order and oversee jurisdictional law enforcement. The role evolved into that of a county official in America, responsible for law enforcement activities, jail administration, and serving legal documents.

Posse Comitatus

A traditional practice in which a sheriff can summon local citizens to assist in law enforcement tasks, particularly in apprehending criminals. This practice underscores community involvement in maintaining law and order.

Constable

The earliest known police authority whose duties extended beyond local protection to include community law enforcement. Constables acted as peacekeepers and were responsible for upholding the law in smaller jurisdictions, often working alongside local citizens.

Coroner

An elected official responsible for investigating death causes, particularly in cases of sudden, unexpected, or suspicious deaths. Coroners often hold inquiries to determine the circumstances surrounding a death.

Justice of the Peace

A magistrate or judicial officer typically from the local community, responsible for administering justice by issuing warrants, presiding over minor legal cases, and granting bail. Their role has historically been held by landowners or influential community members.

Policing in Colonial America

A historical adaptation of English law enforcement traditions to the American context during the 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by informal policing methods and the involvement of community members in maintaining order.

Political Era of Policing

A period spanning from the 1840s to the 1930s when police departments were heavily influenced by political forces. This era was marked by political patronage and corruption, often leading to the police being used for political purposes rather than public safety.

Reform Era of Policing

A transformative period from the 1930s to the 1980s focused on professionalizing the police force through standardized practices, improved training, and a drive towards reducing political corruption and influence on law enforcement.

Community Era of Policing

The contemporary phase of policing that emerged in the 1980s, characterized by an emphasis on building partnerships between police and community members to collaboratively solve problems and enhance public safety.

Peel's Principles of Policing

A foundational set of nine principles outlined by Sir Robert Peel, emphasizing the importance of crime prevention, community cooperation, and the ethical responsibilities of police officers to serve the public in a fair and effective manner.

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

The principal investigative agency and domestic intelligence service of the United States. The FBI's mission encompasses a range of responsibilities including counterterrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, and civil rights enforcement.

DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)

A federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice dedicated to combating drug trafficking and abuse. The DEA enforces the controlled substances laws and regulations of the U.S., aiming to reduce the availability of illicit drugs.

ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives)

A federal agency responsible for regulating and enforcing laws regarding the illegal trafficking of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. The ATF also investigates criminal organizations involved in these areas.

U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)

The oldest federal law enforcement agency in the United States, established to provide security for the federal judiciary and manage fugitive apprehension. The USMS also handles prisoner transport and asset forfeiture.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

A federal department created in response to the September 11 attacks in 2003. Its primary focus is on protecting the U.S. from various threats, including terrorism, disasters, and border security.

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

The U.S. federal agency responsible for collecting taxes and administering tax laws. The IRS also conducts audits and investigations of individuals and businesses to ensure compliance with tax regulations.

National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

A computerized database controlled by the FBI, which provides real-time information for law enforcement agencies across the U.S. The NCIC assists in the identification and location of fugitives and stolen property.

Community Oriented Policing

A strategy that encourages police agencies to develop partnerships with community members to collaboratively address public safety issues. This approach involves proactive measures to solve problems affecting quality of life.

Civilian Police

Law enforcement agencies that operate under civilian oversight, emphasizing accountability and public trust. Civilian police forces are responsible for enforcing laws and maintaining public order within their jurisdictions.

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

An annual report compiled by the FBI collecting crime statistics from law enforcement agencies across the U.S. The UCR provides valuable insights into crime trends and is used for research, policy formation, and public awareness.

SBI (State Bureau of Investigation)

State-level investigative agencies similar to the federal FBI, responsible for conducting investigations, assisting local law enforcement, and managing statewide criminal databases and criminal intelligence.

Tribal Police

Law enforcement agencies that operate on Native American reservations and possess sovereign authority to enforce laws within their territories. Tribal police operate under both tribal and federal jurisdictions.