Endocrine System

This set of flashcards covers key concepts, definitions, and terms related to the endocrine system, as discussed in the lecture notes.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity.

Hypersecretion

Increased secretion of hormones by a gland.

Hyposecretion

Decreased secretion of hormones by a gland.

Hormone

Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various functions in the body.

Negative feedback

A mechanism that reduces the output or activity of a system.

Positive feedback

A mechanism that enhances or amplifies changes or actions.

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Tissue hormones that play an important role in communication and control of many body functions.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes glucose uptake by cells, decreasing blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose levels.

Thymosin

A hormone produced by the thymus that helps regulate the development and function of T cells.

Epinephrine

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that is involved in the body's 'fight-or-flight' response.

Cushing syndrome

A condition resulting from excessive production of glucocorticoids.

Addison disease

A condition caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoids.

Gigantism

A condition caused by excess growth hormone during childhood, leading to abnormal height.

Diabetes mellitus

A disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Goiter

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency.

Cretinism

A condition resulting from hypothyroidism during childhood, leading to stunted growth and mental retardation.

Hypercalcemia

A higher-than-normal level of calcium in the blood.

Hypocalcemia

A lower-than-normal level of calcium in the blood.