RAII final study

The Color Spectrum

"The original scientific standard of color."

The Color Spectrum when a beam of light is passed through a prism

it is dispersed, or broken down into 7 individual colors called a spectrum.

The Color Spectrum when light exits on the other side

you see are the 7 colors of the spectrum known as

Roy G. Biv.

Spectrum -

The progressive arrangement of colors (Roy G. Biv) that appear when a beam of light is dispersed (broken down) into its component colors.

Dispersion -

The separation of light waves

Absorption -

Colored objects absorb rays of light, which illuminate it, while others are reflective.

Reflection -

The return of light from a source.

The Prang Color = Pigment Theory = Wheel

the type of hues

1. Primary Hues (3)

2. Secondary Hues (3)

3. Intermediate Hues (6)

4. Tertiary Hues

5. Complimentary Hues

Complexion

Term applying to the color and texture of the skin.

Complexion:

Complexion colors vary as a result of

the differences in pigment within and under the two primary layers of skin - the dermis and epidermis.

Complexion:

Depigmented skin (Albinism)

Off-white, straw colored.

Complexion:

Vitiligo

White spots or skin discolorations, "localized".

Complexion:

Carotene

Yellowish pigment of the skin.

Complexion:

Melanin

Brownish pigment of the skin.

Complexion:

Hemoglobin

Reddish pigment of the skin.

Pigmentary Discolorations:

Jaundice -

Yellowish to greenish

Pigmentary Discolorations:

Addison's Disease -

Bronze

Pigmentary Discolorations:

Decomposition -

Green

Pigmentary Discolorations:

Formaldehyde Gray/Fluid Burn -

Grayish

Pigmentary Discolorations:

Postmortem stain, contusions, bruising -

Purplish to reddish

Moisture Changes:

Emaciation -

Sallow appearance

Moisture Changes:

Dehydration -

•Light to medium browns (yellowing/browning of tissue)

Moisture Changes:

Dessication -

•darker browns

Moisture Changes: blood discolorations

Blood Discoloration when blood leaks into extracellular tissue spaces

Photographs

Photographs can be crucial for showing changes that occurred from illness, trauma, moisture and color changes:

Photographs

what type of pictures are valuable

•Dated pictures are of little value

•Recent photos in various angles are invaluable for the simplest feature setting to the most major of restorations.

•Professional portraits aren't reliable.

Pre-embalming Cosmetic Considerations:

1.Shaving

2.Hair

3.Infected Pores

4.Feature Setting

5.Severe or Deep Discolorations of Face and Hands

Cosmetic Considerations Post-Embalming

1.Timeline of application:

a.Camouflage (opaque) cosmetics

b.Foundation cosmetics

c.Powder

d.Blush

i.Warm color areas = red hues *apply by age

ii.Highlight areas = White or at least two shades lighter than natural skin tone

iii.Shadow areas = Brown or at least two shades darker than natural skin tone

e.Lip Color

i.Liner color first

ii.Filler color second

iii.Shades of brown to "correct"

f.Eye Color

i.Shadow first

ii.Liner second

iii.Mascara last

g.Brows

Highlight Areas

•Frontal Eminences

•Glabella

•Superciliary Arch

•Zygomatic Arch

•Zygoma

•Dorsum of Nose

•Nasolabial Fold

•Upper Lip - Central Plane/Medial Lobe

•Angulus Oris Eminence

•Lower Mucous Membrane

•Mental Eminence

Shadow Areas

•Between the Frontal Eminences

•Root of the Nose

•Temple

•Eyelid and Upper Eye Socket

•Lower Lid and Oblique Palpebral Sulcus

•Side of Nose

•Lateral Cheek

•Nasal Sulcus

•Upper Mucous Membrane

•Angulus Oris Sulcus

•Central Plane of Lower Integumentary Lip

•Submandibular Area

Warm Color Areas:

•By level of intensity or vividness of color:

1. Face

Ornamental Natural

•Lips ~Lips

•Cheeks ~Ears/Nose*

•Ears ~Nose/Ears*

•Chin ~Cheeks

•Nose ~Chin

•Forehead (males) ~Forehead (males)

Warm Color Areas:

•By level of intensity or vividness of color:

2. Hands

•Knuckles

•Fingernails

•Cuticles

Purpose of Cosmetics

Postmortem cosmetology accomplishes the recreation of natural form and color

•Postmortem cosmetology accomplishes the recreation of natural form and color by:

•Replacing color in the skin

•Counteracting color changes in the skin

•Covering discolorations

•Accenting positive facial features

•De-emphasizing negative facial features

•Compensating for artificial lighting

Transparent -

Having a property of transmitting rays of light through its substance so that a body situated beyond or behind it can be distinctly seen.

Translucent -

Somewhat transparent; transmitting light but not causing sufficient diffusion to eliminate perception of distinct images.

Opaque -

Not transparent or translucent; not allowing light to pass through. A concealing cosmetic.

Types of External Cosmetics

1.Foundation

2.Blush/Rouge

3.Lip Color

4.Mascara

5.Eye Shadow

6.Eyeliner

7.Eyebrow Pencil

Brushes - Sources of Hair

•1. Red Sable - Best

•2. Black Sable - Better

•3. Ox Hair - Better

•4. Fitch Hair - Good

•5. Badger Hair - Good

•6. Bristle - Good

•7. Camel Hair - Poor

•8. Goat Hair - Poor

•9. Synthetic Bristle - Poor

Blush or Rouge

A.Used to recreate the natural red coloring in the warm color areas of the skin caused by blood.

B.Warm color areas are areas on the skins surface, which during life are naturally reddened.

Blush or Rouge

1. The Face

a. Cheeks

b. Chin

c. Ears

d. Mucous membranes of the lips

e. Forehead on males

Blush or Rouge

2. The Hands

a. Knuckles

b. Fingernails

c. Cuticles

Applying Blush

1.Chin

2.Ear

3.Forehead

4.Hand

5.cheek (note variations in application by age)

Applying Blush

Apply to all ages:

1.Young Child - Front cheek, below center of eye.

2.Older Child - Half way between center of eye and lateral canthus.

3.Young/Middle-Aged Adult - Nearer lateral canthus.

4.Elderly Adult - Inferior to older child and barely visible.

Prep Room Lighting

Standard fluorescent lighting

Auxiliary Lighting -

Incandescent, recessed lighting and cosmetic lighting consisting of three different colored lights (blue, red, amber are best)

Jaundice Considerations

Jaundice is a difficult condition to treat and overcome.

There is no one fluid or technique that can remove the discoloration caused by jaundice.

Jaundice Considerations

•The best an embalmer can hope for:

•Removal of "some" of the discoloration

•Counterstaining the tissue with a more natural color (red)

•Covering the remaining discoloration with cosmetics

Wig -

A manufactured cover for the head made of natural or synthetic hair.

Fall -

A partial wig designed to be applied in existing hair to add length.

Toupee -

A small hairpiece for men.

Hair patch -

A number of hairs grouped for use as a replacement.

Hair Stylist -

A person licensed to cut and style hair

Crepe Hair -

A fine silk or light fabric formed into a plaited hank

Hair Attachment considerations

The method of attachment depends upon the length of the hair, the quantity, the underlying surface, and the area involved (visible vs. hidden).

Hair Attachment

Methods include:

•Wax

•Liquid Cement

•Sutures

•Embedding

•Melted Wax

•Any combination of the above

Eyebrows

1.Growth pattern occurs naturally along the supraorbital arch

2.Growth pattern is angled upward and outward toward the distal edge

Eyebrows 1.Technique:

~Glue or wax is placed thinly along the supraorbital arch

~Individual or small tufts of hair are then inserted into the glue or wax with your fingers, spring forceps or a needle.

~Insert lateral to medial in the pattern of normal hair growth

Sideburns

Growth pattern is downward towards the chin.

Sideburns

Technique:

•Apply wax or cement (glue or rubber cement) in a thin layer

•Arrange small tufts of hair beginning at the bottom and working to the top in an overlapping pattern

Moustache

•Growth pattern is lateral to medial, working from both ends.

•Hairs should point downward and towards the corners of the mouth.

Moustache

•Technique:

Apply a thin layer of wax or glue to the superior integumentary lip, inserting small tufts of hair from lateral to medial from each side of the mouth.

Hypodermic Tissue Building: best practice

Best performed after embalming!

Hypodermic Tissue Building: places to inject

Temples Hands

Eyes Supraorbital area

Cheeks Chin

Lips Forehead

Mouth Neck

General Technique

•Gather necessary materials for injection.

•Select a hidden injection "point of entry"

•Insert needle superficially with the opening of the needle facing upwards.

•Begin at the furthest area to be built up and move outward towards your entry point, withdrawing and injecting fluid slowly.

•Large areas, radiate or fan the needle to inject the desired area.

•Inject until the surface is slightly elevated to the surrounding skin.

•Smooth and mold the injected area with your fingers until you get the desired, normal contour - this should be done immediately!

Abrasion -

Resulting from friction of the skin against a firm object causing removal of the epidermis (outermost layer of skin).

Laceration -

A wound or irregular tear to the flesh.

Incision -

A clean cut into the tissue.

Excision -

An area from which something has been cut out.

Excise -

To remove by cutting.

Mastic Compound -

Putty-like sbstance; absorbant sealing adhesive that can be injected under the skin or applied to the surface tissues to establish skin contour.

Burn -

To oxidize or be oxidized by fire or equivalent means, creating a tissue reaction or injury:

Types of Burns

a. Heat or flame

b. Extreme cold

c. Caustics

d. Radiation

e. Friction

f. Electricity

Inflammation -

Reaction to tissues to injurious agents; usually characterized by heat, redness, swelling and pain.

Blister -

Thin vesicle on the skin containing watery matter.

Singe -

To burn superficially, as the hair, which shows partial destruction from scorching heat.

Charred -

Reduced to carbon; state of tissue destroyed by burning.

Classification of Burns

1st Degree:

Redness

Classification of Burns

2nd Degree:

Acute inflammation, blisters

Classification of Burns

3rd Degree:

Deep tissue injury, surface charring

Classification of Burns

4th Degree:

Charred with bone destruction

singed hair treatment

treat cosmetically

Excision -

An area from which something has been cut out.

Excise -

To remove by cutting.

Undercut -

An angled cut of the borders of an excision, which is made so that the skin surface will overhang the deeper tissue; helps to hold wax in place

Excising Tissue

•Pre-embalming

•Done only when the tumor is blocking circulation

•Bridge sutures may be necessary to hold margins of the incision together

•Bridge suture may be necessary to support the margins of a large area of excised tissue

Excising Tissue

•Post-embalming

•Excision is recommended post-embalming

•Removal should occur within the buccal cavity (unexposed) whenever possible so that leakage will occur within the mouth and drain into the throat.

•Undercutting may prove beneficial as opposed to perpendicular cuts

•To lock the wax under the edge of the wound

•To allow tapering of the wax over the edge of the wound

•To lower the level of ligature when performing a basket weave suture

Fracture -

A broken bone that is classified as simple or compound.

Splint -

An appliance of wood, metal or other suitable material used to protect or immobilize a moveable part.

Simple Fractures

The broken bone does NOT pierce the skin.

Simple Fractures traits

•Minor simple fractures require no restorative treatment

•Severe simple fractures may be require major restorative attempts including pre and post-embalming treatment, especially for head and face fractures.

Compound Fracture

A broken bone that has torn through the skin.

Compound Fracture

•Both simple and compound fractures can assume a variety of distortions:

over-riding fracture

depressed fracture

multiple fracture

Compound Fracture:

Over-riding fracture

•the bone margins overlap.

Compound Fracture:

Depressed fracture

•the bone margins are dented inward and the overlying surface area lacks support and normal surface contour/projection.

Compound Fracture:

Multiple fracture

two or more breaks have occurred in the same and/or different surrounding bones. "Crushed"

•Best treated from inside the cranium and face via available orifices (oral, nasal, buccal, lacerations).

•If cranial autopsy was not performed and you must open the cranium this is absolutely "major restoration" and written permission needs to be obtained.

Severed Limbs

•Embalm the severed, or avulsed, limb separately using vessels if in tact or hypodermically if no vessels are usable.

Avulsion - The tearing away or separation of a part of the body, resulting from an accident (or surgery).

•Ligate and tie off vessels

•Dry and seal exposed tissue

•Suture the muscles of both parts tightly together followed by the skin.

•Seal suture, cover with cotton once dry, and apply a second coat of sealer.

•Place in plastics.

Decapitation

Separation (avulsion) of the head from the body

Decapitation:

To securely rejoin, and properly align, the head and trunk:

•Obtain 3 dowels (wood, plastic, metal), about 8-12 inches in length, preferably with sharp/pointed ends.

•Insert 1 dowel into the spinal canal of the torso and then place the head upon the dowel, inserting it into the foramen magnum (achieve a proper "fit").

•Insert remaining 2 rods into muscles on the lateral sides of the neck and secure dowels with wire and/or sutures.

Decapitation:

Restorative Treatment

•Suture muscle and deep tissue around entire circumference of the neck, filling missing tissue with mastic compound or cotton and sealer.

•Suture the skin together using an intradermal stitch if exposed or baseball stitch if unexposed.

•Seal, wax, add texture and cosmetize as needed if exposed.

•Seal, wrap securely with plastic and adhesive tape and/or bandage for additional support if unexposed

(covered by clothing - the best/easiest option).